Background
Methods
Location
Subjects
Instruments
Data analysis
Results
Demographic and economic characteristics
Relationships with parents and guardians
How often the parents returned home
|
Relationship with parents (n/percent)
|
Total (n/percent)
|
P value
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moderately dislike
|
Uncertain
|
Moderately like
|
Strongly like
| |||
Once every month | 0/0.0 | 38/46.3 | 20/24.4 | 24/29.3 | 82/100.0 | < .001 |
Once every 2-6 months | 0/0.0 | 47/70.1 | 16/23.9 | 4/6.0 | 67/100.0 | |
Once every 7-12 months | 8/11.9 | 55/82.1 | 4/6.0 | 0/0.0 | 67/100.0 |
Whether parents communicated with them frequently
|
Relationship with parents (n/percent)
|
Total (n/percent)
|
P value
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moderately dislike
|
Uncertain
|
Moderately like
|
Strongly like
| |||
Yes | 1/0.5 | 116/62.7 | 40/21.6 | 28/15.1 | 185/100.0 | < .001 |
No | 7/22.6 | 24/77.4 | 0/0.0 | 0/0.0 | 31/100.0 |
Time spent in activities
Self-concept and loneliness
Factors
|
"Absent migrant parents" group (mean ± SD score)
|
Comparison group (mean ± SD score)
|
P value
|
---|---|---|---|
Childhood Loneliness Scale
c
| 29.85 ± 7.54 | 27.98 ± 8.52 | .001 |
Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale
| |||
Behaviord
| 10.73 ± 2.77 | 11.98 ± 2.70 | < .001 |
Intellectual and school statuse
| 8.25 ± 3.09 | 8.97 ± 3.44 | .001 |
Physical appearance and attributesf
| 6.41 ± 2.56 | 6.47 ± 2.97 | .745 |
Anxietyg
| 8.64 ± 3.25 | 9.33 ± 2.92 | .003 |
Popularityh
| 8.19 ± 1.30 | 8.51 ± 1.83 | .001 |
Happiness and satisfactioni
| 6.69 ± 1.89 | 7.17 ± 2.19 | .002 |
Total scorej
| 47.91 ± 11.97 | 51.42 ± 12.62 | .002 |
Peer's-Harris Children's-concept Scale
|
Loneliness ("absent migrant parents" group)
|
Loneliness (comparison group)
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pearson Correlation |
Pvalue | Pearson Correlation |
Pvalue | |
Behavior | -.482 | < .001 | -.349 | < .001 |
Intellectual and school status | -.628 | < .001 | -.483 | < .001 |
Physical appearance | -.523 | < .001 | -.355 | < .001 |
Anxiety | -.494 | < .001 | -.432 | < .001 |
Popularity | -.606 | < .001 | -.566 | < .001 |
Happiness and satisfaction | -.481 | < .001 | -.413 | < .001 |
Total score | -.684 | < .001 | -.526 | < .001 |
Predictors of self-concept
Factor
|
"Absent migrant parents" group
|
Comparison group
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|
B
|
Beta
|
B
|
Beta
| |
Relationship with guardiansc
| 9.442 *** | .491 | - | - |
Relationship with parentsd
| 5.936 *** | .380 | 9.565 *** | .497 |
Time spent in physical activitiese
| 3.553 *** | .210 | 5.443 *** | .285 |
Time spent in leisure time activitiesf
| 1.491 *** | .086 | 3.457 * | .137 |
Genderg
| - | .004 | .003 | |
Age | - | .035 | .056 |
Parental contact factors
|
Mean
|
SD
|
P value
|
---|---|---|---|
How often the parents returned home | |||
once every one month | 53.98 | 10.80 | < .001 |
once every 2-6 months | 51.20 | 6.81 | |
once every 7-12 months | 37.18 | 10.18 | |
Whether parents communicated with them frequently
| |||
Yes | 50.27 | 10.66 | < .001 |
No | 33.78 | 9.48 |