Background
Methods
Literature search
Statistical analysis
Results
Countrya | Year | Donor gender and age | Donor origin and last exposure | Recipient gender and age | Recipient incubation (delayed diagnosis) | Recipient outcome | Blood component transfused | Plasmodium species | Diagnosis method recipient (donor) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada
| ||||||||||
Western region | 1936 | M | Mediterranean area | F 13 years | 3 weeks (5 weeks) | Recovery | WB |
P. malariae
| LM (LM) | [17] |
Ontario | 1936 | M | Romania 25 years | F | 26 days (2 weeks) | Recovery | WB |
P. malariae
| LM (LM) | [18] |
Alberta | 1977 | F 23 years | Africa 2 years | F 60 years | 29 days (29 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. ovale
| LM (IFAT) | [19] |
Quebec | 1994 | N/A | Cameroon > 3 years | M 63 years | N/A (3 weeks) | Recovery | RBCs, PLTs, FFP |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM) | [20] |
Ontario | 1995 | M | Mali 4 years | F 24 years | 15 days (3 days) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM, PCR (PCR) | [20] |
Ontario | 1997 | F 19 years | Ghana 4 years | F 62 years | 21 days (5 weeks) | Recovery | RBCs, FFP |
P. falciparum
| LM, PCR | [20] |
USA
| ||||||||||
New York | 1911 | N/A | N/A | M 54 years | 11 days | “Pernicious anaemia” | WB |
P. vivax
| LM | [1] |
Colorado | 1929 | M 32 years | Greece 16 years | F 2½ years | 19–25 days (on the day) | Recovery | WB |
P. malariae
| LM (LM) | [21] |
New York | 1932 | M | Italy | F 1.5 years | 4 weeks (17 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. malariae
| LM | [22] |
New York | 1932 | M | Italy 12 years | M 9 months | 6 weeks | Recovery | WB |
P. malariae
| LM | [22] |
New York | 1933 | F | Greece | F 8 years | < 8 weeks | Death due to pneumonia | WB |
P. malariae
| LM | [22] |
New York | 1936 | M | Greece 33 years | F 1 year | 29 days | Recovery | WB |
P. malariae
| LM | [22] |
New York | 1936 | M | Colombia 10 years | M 3 years | 2 months | Recovery | WB |
P. malariae
| LM | [22] |
New York | 1944 | M 40 years | North Africa veteran 1 year | F 32 years | 11–4 days (35 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. malariae
| LM (LM) | [23] |
Rhode Island | 1946 | M or F | Italy or New England | F 40 years | 2 months (2 days) | Recovery | WB, FFP |
P. malariae
| LM (LM) | [24] |
Pennsylvania | 1946 | N/A | Army returnee | F | 3 weeks (9 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. vivax
| LM | [25] |
California | 1968 | M 19 years | Vietnam veteran 7 months | M 60 years | 4 days (on the day) | N/A | WB |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM) | [26] |
Connecticut | 1968 | N/A | Mexico 5 years | F 8 months | 6 ½ months | Recovery | WB |
P. malariae
| LM | [27] |
Washington state | 1968 | M 22 years | Vietnam veteran 1 year | F 54 years | 13 days (9 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM, IFAT) | [28] |
Oklahoma | 1968 | M 21 years | Vietnam veteran 5 months | F 25 years | 16 days (7 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM) | [28] |
Washington D.C. | 1969 | M | Nigeria > 2 years | M 56 years | 17 days (6 days) | Death | WB |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM, IFAT) | [29] |
New York | 1970 | M | Ghana 1 year | M 34 years | 6 days (2 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM, IFAT) | [30] |
Chicago | 1972 | N/A | N/A | M 5 months | 16 days (6 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. vivax
| LM | [31] |
New York | 1971 | N/A | N/A | M 24 years | Multiple transfusions (7 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. vivax
| LM (IFAT) | [32] |
New York | 1974 | N/A | N/A | F 42 years | 9 weeks (on the day) | Recovery | RBCs, PLTs, FFP |
P. malariae
| LM (IFAT) | [32] |
New York | 1974 | F 53 years | Greece 22 years | F 78 years | Multiple transfusions (~ 30 days) | Recovery | WB, RBCs |
P. malariae
| LM, IFAT (IFAT) | [33] |
New York | 1974 | M 38 years | Cyprus 4 years | F 42 years | 35 days (1 month) | Recovery | RBCs, PLTs, FFP |
P. malariae
| LM, IFAT (IFAT) | [33] |
Tennessee | 1974 | M 28 years | Nigeria 8 years | F 15 years | 3 months (12 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. malariae
| LM (LM, IFAT) | [34] |
Wisconsin | 1977 | N/A | Africa recent | F 57 years | Multiple transfusions (28 days) | Death due to refractory leukaemia | PLTs |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM) | [35] |
New York state | 1978 | M | Ghana 10 months | F 65 years | 16 days (1 day) | Recovery | WB, RBCs, FFP |
P. falciparum
| LM (IFAT) | [36] |
California | 1980 | M | N/A | M 6 years | 15 days (2 days) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM) | [37] |
California | 1982 | M | Nigeria 7 years | M premature | 6 weeks | Death due to pneumonia | WB |
P. ovale
| LM, IFAT (IFAT) | [38] |
Boston | 1982 | N/A | N/A | M premature | 7 weeks (on the day) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. malariae
| LM (LM) | [39] |
Boston | 1982 | N/A | N/A | M premature | 10 weeks (on the day) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. malariae
| LM (LM) | [39] |
California | 1983 | M | Guatemala 6 months | M premature | 5 weeks (on the day) | Recovery | WB |
P. vivax
| LM (LM) | [40] |
California | 1983 | M | South America 6 months | M infant | 14 days (on the day) | Recovery | WB |
P. vivax
| LM (IFAT) | [40] |
Texas | 1992 | M 19 years | Nigeria 7 months | F 71 years | 7 days (on the day) | N/A | RBCs, PLTs |
P. falciparum
| LM (IFAT) | [41] |
Texas | 1992 | M 19 years | Nigeria 7 months | M 65 years | N/A | N/A | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM (IFAT) | [41] |
California | 1992 | M 55 years | China 44 years | M 44 years | 7 months (3 months) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. malariae
| LM (IFAT) | [41] |
Texas | 1994 | M | Nigeria recent | F 59 years | 20 days (on the day) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM, IFAT) | [42] |
Texas | 1994 | M | Ghana recent | M 46 years | 16 days (7 days) | Recovery | RBCs, FFP |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM, IFAT) | [42] |
Pennsylvania | 1995 | M | Nigeria 3 years | F 72 years | Multiple transfusions | Recovery | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM, IFAT) | [43] |
Missouri | 1996 | M | West Africa 1 year | M 70 years | 15 days (on the day) | Death | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM, IFAT, PCR) | [44] |
Missouri | 1997 | M | West Africa 2 years | M 85 years | 21 days (on the day) | Death | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM, IFAT, PCR) | [44] |
Pennsylvania | 1998 | M | West Africa 2 years | M 49 years | 35 days (on the day) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM (IFAT, PCR) | [44] |
Texas | 2003 | M | Ghana 2 years | 69 years | 17 days (3 days) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM, PCR, IFAT) | [45] |
Texas | 2007 | M | Nigeria 6 years | F 25 years | Multiple transfusions | Recovery | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM (IFAT) | [46] |
Washington D.C. | 2007 | M | West Africa | F | 15 days (on the day) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM, PCR (LM) | [47] |
Washington D.C. | 2007 | M 27 years | Nigeria 3 years | M 27 years | 13–28 days (11 days) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM (IFAT, PCR) | [47] |
New Jersey | 2007 | F 30 years | Uganda > 1 year | M 78 years | 1 year | Recovery | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM (IFAT, PCR) | [47] |
N/A | 2007 | M 21 years | Benin 4 years | F 55 years | 1 month | Recovery | RBCs, PLTs, FFP |
P. falciparum
| LM, IFAT, PCR (IFAT, EIA) | [48] |
Georgia | 2015 | M 20 years | Liberia 15 years | M 76 years | 6 months (2 days) | Recovery | RBCs, FFP |
P. malariae
| LM, PCR (LM, PCR, ELISA) | [49] |
Colombia
| ||||||||||
Cali | 2011 | N/A | Rural area 9 months | F Premature | Multiple transfusions (on the day) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. vivax
| LM (PCR) | [50] |
Brasil
| ||||||||||
Sao Paulo | 2008 | M | Atlantic forest 1 year | N/A | 75 days (on the day) | Recovery | RBCs, PLTs, FFP |
P. malariae
| LM (LM, PCR, IFAT) | [51] |
Spain
| ||||||||||
Valencia | 1987 | N/A | Congo | F 32years | 7 days (on the day) | N/A | WB |
P. falciparum
| LM (IFAT) | [52] |
Madrid | 1997 | N/A | Central Africa | F 63 years | 3 weeks (4 weeks) | N/A | WB |
P. falciparum
| LM (IFAT) | [53] |
Cordoba | 2002 | N/A | N/A | F 26 years | Multiple transfusions (128 days) | Recovery | WB, RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM IFAT | [54] |
UK
| ||||||||||
Midlands | 1935 | M | India 2 years | M 26 years | 19 days (5 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. vivax
| LM (LM) | [55] |
London | 1938 | M | Ceylon 12 years | F 3 months | 10 weeks (on the day) | Death | WB |
P. malariae
| LM (LM) | [56] |
Durham | 1946 | M | Yemen 7 years | F 18 years | 7–8 weeks (10 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. malariae
| LM (LM) | [57] |
N/A | 1959 | M 19 years | Nigeria 1 year | F 41 years | 16 days (6 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM) | [58] |
Oxford | 1966 | M | Far East 20 years | M 33 years | 10 weeks (1 day) | Recovery | WB, FFP |
P. malariae
| LM (LM) | [59] |
Buckingmanshire | 1967 | M | Army returnee | M 51 years | N/A | Recovery | FFP |
P. malariae
| LM (LM) | [60] |
Buckingmanshire | 1968 | M | Africa 18 months | M 49 years | 11 days (12 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM, IFAT) | [60] |
London | 1986 | M | Africa | F 72 years | 13 days (12 days) | N/A | PLTs |
P. falciparum
| LM (LM, IFAT) | [61] |
London | 1986 | M | Ghana | F 81 years | 14 days | N/A | WB |
P. falciparum
| LM (IFAT) | [61] |
N/A | 1994 | F | Ghana 1 year | M | 15 days (on the day) | N/A | WB |
P. falciparum
| LM (EIA, IFAT) | [5] |
N/A | 1997 | F 19 years | Ghana 3 years | M 62 years | 4 days | Death | WB |
P. falciparum
| (EIA, IFAT) | [5] |
N/A | 2003 | F 38 years | Ghana 7 years | M 51 years | N/A | Death | WB |
P. falciparum
| LM (EIA, IFAT) | [5] |
Netherlands
| ||||||||||
Leiden | 2011 | M 36 years | Africa Costa Rica > 4 years | F 59 years | 2 months (on the day) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. malariae
| LM, PCR (LM, IFAT, PCR) | [62] |
Germany
| ||||||||||
Göttingen | 1998 | N/A | N/A | M 18 months | 14 days (9 days) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM | [63] |
France
| ||||||||||
Poitiers | 1969 | M | Portugal 5 months | F | 15 days (1 month) | Recovery | WB |
P. malariae
| LM (IFAT) | [64] |
Paris | 1957 | F | Tunisia 27 years | F 32 years | 48 days (4 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. vivax
| LM | [65] |
Paris | 1973 | M | Senegal 13 years | M 30 years | 14 days (9 days) | Recovery | WB |
P. falciparum
| LM (IFAT) | [65] |
Paris | 1975 | N/A | N/A | F 24 years | 15 days (18 days) | Recovery | WB |
Plasmodium
| LM (IFAT) | [66] |
Tours | 1977 | N/A | N/A | F 47 years | 15 days (on the day) | Recovery | WB |
P. vivax
| LM | [67] |
Rouen | 1976 | N/A | Senegal | N/A | 12 days (10 days) | Death | N/A |
P. falciparum
| (IFAT) | [68] |
Rouen | 1976 | N/A | Ivory Coast | N/A | 13 days (6 days) | Death | N/A |
P. falciparum
| (IFAT) | [68] |
Rouen | 1978 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 60 days (2 days) | Recovery | N/A |
P. malariae
| (IFAT) | [68] |
Nancy | 1979 | M | Zaire 1 month | F 29 years | 15 days (43 days) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. falciparum
P. malariae
| LM (IFAT) | [69] |
Crèteil | 1980 | M | Central Africa | M infant | 2 months (3 days) | Recovery | RBCs, FFP |
P. malariae
| LM | [70] |
Aulnay-sous-Bois | 1986 | N/A | N/A | F 64 years | 16 days (on the day) | Recovery | WB |
P. ovale
| LM | [71] |
Libourne | 1990 | M | Comores < 6 months | F 39 years | 1 month (on the day) | Recovery | WB |
P. falciparum
| LM | [72] |
Le Chesnay | 2002 | F 19 years | Africa 4 years | M 81 years | 13 days (4 days) | Death | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM, IFAT, PCR (IFAT, PCR) | [73] |
Tourcoing | 2013 | N/A | Endemic area 3 years | F 75 years | 14 days (8 days) | Death | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM (IFAT, PCR) | [74] |
Switzerland
| ||||||||||
Zurich | 1999 | M 30 years | Cameroon 6 years | M 70 years | 14 days (22 days) | Death | RBCs, FFP |
P. falciparum
| LM (IFAT, PCR) | [75] |
Austria
| ||||||||||
Wien | 1929 | M | Endemic area 10 years | N/A | 14 days | Recovery | WB |
P. vivax
| LM | [76] |
Italy
| ||||||||||
Liguria | 1963 | N/A | N/A | M Premature | 28–40 days | Recovery | WB |
P. malariae
| LM | [77] |
Liguria | 1963 | N/A | N/A | F 8 years | 1–13 days | Recovery | WB |
P. vivax
| LM | [78] |
Liguria | 1964 | N/A | N/A | F 6 years | Multiple transfusions (4 months) | Recovery | WB |
P. vivax
| LM | [78] |
Sicily | 2005 | M | Philippine | F 35 years | Multiple transfusions (4 months) | Recovery | WB |
P. malariae
| LM | [79] |
Veneto | 2008 | N/A | N/A | F 29 years Morocco | Multiple transfusions (2 weeks) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. vivax
| LM | [80] |
Algeria
| ||||||||||
Algiers | 1918 | M | Greece 1 month | F | 15 days (few days) | Recovery | WB |
P. praecox
b
| LM (LM) | [13] |
Lebanon
| ||||||||||
Beirut | 2007 | N/A | N/A | M 28 years | 1 ½ months (2 weeks) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. falciparum
| LM | [81] |
Beirut | 2010 | N/A | N/A | F 46 years | 1 month (2 days) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. ovale
| LM | [82] |
India
| ||||||||||
Shimla | 2006 | N/A | N/A | F 47 years | 12 days (on the day) | Recovery | WB |
P. falciparum
| LM | [83] |
Korea
| ||||||||||
Taegu, South Corea | 2000 | M 21 years | Endemic area | M 1 year | 15 days (5 days) | Recovery | RBCs, FFP |
P. vivax
| LM (LM, PCR) | [84] |
Thailand
| ||||||||||
Bangkok | 2011 | M teenager | Endemic area 3 weeks | F 62 years | 15 days (on the day) | Recovery | RBCs |
P. knowlesi
| LM, PCR | [85] |
Malaysia
| ||||||||||
Kuala Lumpur | 2012 | M 26 years | Myanmar 9 months | M 12 years | 1 week (on the day) | N/A | WB |
P. vivax
| LM, PCR (PCR) | [86] |
Sabah | 2015 | M 51 years | Endemic area | F 23 years | 16 days (on the day) | Recovery | WB |
P. knowlesi
| LM, PCR (LM, PCR) | [87] |
Species | TTM (95% CI) | MTM (95% CI)a | p valueb |
---|---|---|---|
P. falciparum
| 25.7 (7.4–43.9) | 13.1 (7–27) | 0.172 |
P. malariae
| 63.9 (43.5–84.4) | 34.8 (27–37) |
0.006
|
P. ovale
| 19.0 (11.7–26.3) | 13.6 (8–31) | 0.118 |
P. vivax
| 29.3 (12.3–46.2) | 13.4 (11–16) | 0.060 |
P. knowlesi
c
| 15.5 (9.1–21.9) | 10.0 (/) | 0.058 |