Background
Methods
Study Design
Measurement of joint RoM with IMUs
Examination procedure
Data analysis
Results
Validity of measurement
Joint
|
Examination angle
|
Meas1
|
Ex1
|
Meas2
|
Ex2
|
Meas3
|
Ex3
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active RoM - screening examination
| |||||||||
Cervical spine | Rotation, L | 75 (8) | 74 (9) | 66 (9) | 63 (7) | 69 (11) | 76 (6) | 80 | 70 |
Rotation, R | 74 (9) | 74 (9) | 69 (9) | 60 (9) | 70 (10) | 76 (8) | 80 | 70 | |
Extension | 57 (12) | 39 (14) | 53 (13) | 43 (12) | 53 (12) | 44 (15) | 60 | 45 | |
Flexion | 65 (9) | 36 (5) | 61 (12) | 46 (11) | 62 (8) | 72 (12) | 50 | 45 | |
Lateral flexion, L | 42 (10) | 33 (9) | 37 (8) | 37 (6) | 39 (10) | 45 (11) | 45 | 45 | |
Lateral flexion, R | 39 (9) | 32 (8) | 36 (8) | 37 (9) | 36 (10) | 44 (10) | 45 | 45 | |
Thoracic and lumbar spine | Sideways rotation, L | 43 (5) | 40 (7) | 41 (6) | 31 (3) | 45 (9) | 33 (10) | 30 | 30 |
Sideways rotation, R | 43 (8) | 38 (7) | 43 (7) | 30 (4) | 42 (6) | 34 (9) | 30 | 30 | |
Lateral bending, L | 33 (9) | 34 (7) | 33 (7) | 28 (6) | 33 (6) | 43 (12) | 30 | 30 | |
Lateral bending, R | 31 (7) | 37 (7) | 31 (6) | 29 (5) | 32 (8) | 44 (11) | 30 | 30 | |
Passive RoM - functional diagnostic examination
| |||||||||
Shoulder | External rotation, L | 100 (12) | 105 (14) | 95 (9) | 91 (4) | 100 (15) | 97 (15) | 90 | 90 |
External rotation, R | 111 (13) | 104 (12) | 95 (11) | 91 (6) | 99 (15) | 99 (11) | 90 | 90 | |
Internal rotation, L | 109 (13) | 91 (6) | 94 (11) | 90 (4) | 96 (15) | 93 (12) | 70 | 90 | |
Internal rotation, R | 97 (11) | 88 (9) | 92 (12) | 88 (8) | 94 (16) | 88 (11) | 70 | 90 | |
Elbow | Extension, L | 22 (6) | 10 (2) | 5 (3) | 0 (1) | 12 (6) | 2 (3) | 0 | 10 |
Extension, R | 16 (5) | 11 (3) | 4 (3) | 0 (1) | 8 (6) | 1 (2) | 0 | 10 | |
Flexion, L | 138 (11) | 131 (10) | 144 (10) | 139 (13) | 140 (11) | 158 (13) | 140 | 150 | |
Flexion, R | 137 (9) | 132 (13) | 140 (12) | 136 (15) | 136 (13) | 156 (12) | 140 | 150 | |
Pronation, L | 70 (20) | 94 (4) | 86 (9) | 90 (1) | 77 (11) | 90 (2) | 80 | 90 | |
Pronation, R | 68 (11) | 94 (4) | 77 (10) | 89 (3) | 78 (7) | 90 (1) | 80 | 90 | |
Supination, L | 47 (18) | 87 (6) | 68 (16) | 89 (4) | 76 (14) | 90 (5) | 80 | 90 | |
Supination, R | 61 (18) | 86 (6) | 67 (14) | 89 (3) | 71 (14) | 90 (6) | 80 | 90 | |
Wrist | Extension, L | 78 (17) | 94 (8) | 76 (12) | 89 (3) | 83 (16) | 91 (5) | 70 | 60 |
Extension, R | 80 (15) | 92 (11) | 79 (14) | 89 (3) | 84 (18) | 89 (5) | 70 | 60 | |
Flexion, L | 86 (16) | 81 (7) | 82 (12) | 87 (8) | 78 (20) | 83 (13) | 80 | 60 | |
Flexion, R | 85 (13) | 80 (7) | 80 (12) | 85 (7) | 77 (13) | 83 (15) | 80 | 60 | |
Abduction, L | 27 (6) | 19 (6) | 21 (5) | 18 (6) | 21 (7) | 22 (10) | 20 | 30 | |
Abduction, R | 24 (6) | 15 (6) | 19 (7) | 17 (8) | 21 (7) | 19 (6) | 20 | 30 | |
Adduction, L | 35 (8) | 34 (8) | 32 (6) | 34 (10) | 35 (12) | 32 (7) | 30 | 40 | |
Adduction, R | 34 (6) | 38 (7) | 37 (6) | 32 (7) | 32 (10) | 32 (7) | 30 | 40 | |
Hip ∗
| Flexion, L | 128 (10) | 143 (11) | 120 (11) | 125 (7) | 105 (15) | 142 (20) | 120 | 130 |
Flexion, R | 128 (11) | 142 (10) | 124 (10) | 125 (9) | 117 (13) | 143 (22) | 120 | 130 | |
Lateral rotation, L | 57 (8) | 54 (7) | 52 (11) | 37 (10) | 48 (8) | 44 (10) | 35-40 | 50 | |
Lateral rotation, R | 60 (13) | 53 (5) | 52 (11) | 43 (8) | 51 (10) | 43 (10) | 35-40 | 50 | |
Medial rotation, L | 49 (13) | 41 (10) | 33 (11) | 26 (10) | 33 (9) | 26 (11) | 35-40 | 40 | |
Medial rotation, R | 50 (15) | 39 (10) | 33 (11) | 26 (10) | 37 (13) | 25 (12) | 35-40 | 40 | |
Knee ∗
| Extension, L | 5 (3) | 6 (3) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 | 5 |
Extension, R | 5 (3) | 7 (2) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 (2) | 0 | 5 | |
Flexion, L | 145 (10) | 144 (10) | 142 (8) | 139 (9) | 133 (8) | 162 (11) | 140-145 | 150 | |
Flexion, R | 141 (9) | 138 (8) | 144 (8) | 140 (7) | 135 (9) | 161 (10) | 140-145 | 150 |
Intra-rater repeatability
Joint
|
Examination
|
Mean SD
|
Mean SD
|
---|---|---|---|
angle
|
measurements
|
examiners
| |
Active RoM - screening examination | |||
Cervical spine | Rotation | 2.60 | 0.86 |
Extension | 2.54 | 1.09 | |
Flexion | 2.86 | 0.42 | |
Lateral flexion | 1.98 | 1.23 | |
Thoracic and | Sideways rotation | 2.48 | 0.64 |
lumbar spine | |||
Lateral bending | 1.35 | 0.61 | |
Passive RoM - functional diagnostic | |||
examination | |||
Shoulder | External rotation | 4.36 | 1.16 |
Internal rotation | 4.87 | 1.04 | |
Elbow | Extension | 3.01 | 0.30 |
Flexion | 4.06 | 0.55 | |
Pronation | 4.76 | 0.20 | |
Supination | 3.94 | 0.29 | |
Wrist | Extension | 3.58 | 0.54 |
Flexion | 4.23 | 0.48 | |
Abduction | 2.97 | 0.36 | |
Adduction | 2.93 | 0.63 | |
Hip | Flexion | 2.35 | 0.95 |
Lateral rotation | 3.13 | 0.44 | |
Medial rotation | 3.10 | 0.46 | |
Knee | Extension | 0.98 | 0.05 |
Flexion | 2.03 | 0.64 |
Inter-rater reliability
Joint
|
Examination
|
ICC
|
ICC
|
---|---|---|---|
angle
|
(Measurements)
|
(Examiners)
| |
Active RoM - screening examination | |||
Cervical spine | Rotation, L | 0.79 | 0.42 |
Rotation, R |
0.83
| 0.59 | |
Extension |
0.89
| 0.51 | |
Flexion | 0.83 | 0.37 | |
Lateral flexion, L | 0.93 |
0.86
| |
Lateral flexion, R |
0.95
|
0.85
| |
Thoracic and | Sideways rotation, L |
0.80
| 0.69 |
lumbar spine | |||
Sideways rotation, R |
0.90
| 0.74 | |
Lateral bending, L |
0.90
|
0.83
| |
Lateral bending, R |
0.92
| 0.79 | |
Passive RoM - functional diagnostic | |||
examination | |||
Shoulder | External rotation, L | 0.71 | 0.76 |
External rotation, R |
0.86
|
0.81
| |
Internal rotation, L |
0.88
| 0.68 | |
Internal rotation, R |
0.87
| 0.78 | |
Elbow | Extension, L | 0.20 | 0.20 |
Extension, R | 0.59 | 0.16 | |
Flexion, L | 0.69 | 0.50 | |
Flexion, R | 0.77 | 0.77 | |
Pronation, L | 0.48 | 0.53 | |
Pronation, R | 0.43 | 0.56 | |
Supination, L | 0.39 |
0.83
| |
Supination, R | 0.70 | 0.71 | |
Wrist | Extension, L |
0.88
| 0.65 |
Extension, R |
0.90
|
0.82
| |
Flexion, L |
0.90
|
0.89
| |
Flexion, R |
0.86
|
0.84
| |
Abduction, L | 0.79 | 0.61 | |
Abduction, R |
0.89
|
0.83
| |
Adduction, L |
0.82
| 0.74 | |
Adduction, R |
0.87
| 0.79 | |
Hip ∗
| Flexion, L |
0.87
| 0.63 |
Flexion, R |
0.92
|
0.80
| |
Lateral rotation, L |
0.87
|
0.90
| |
Lateral rotation, R |
0.96
| 0.77 | |
Medial rotation, L |
0.91
|
0.95
| |
Medial rotation, R |
0.93
|
0.90
| |
Knee ∗
| Extension, L | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Extension, R | 0.61 | 0.0 | |
Flexion, L |
0.82
|
0.81
| |
Flexion, R |
0.84
| 0.71 |