Coronary artery disease (CAD) is common in asymptomatic chronic dialysis patients and plays an important role in their poor survival. Early identification of these high-risk patients could improve treatment and reduce mortality. Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) has previously been associated with CAD in autopsy studies. Since the AAC can be quantified easily using a lateral lumbar X-ray we hypothesized that the extent of AAC as assessed on a lateral lumbar X-ray might be predictive of the presence of significant CAD in dialysis patients.
Methods
All patients currently enrolled in the ICD2 trial without a history of CABG or a PCI with stent implantation were included in this study. All patients underwent CT-angiography (CTA) and a lateral X-ray of the abdomen. AAC on X-ray was quantified using a previously validated scoring system whereupon the association between AAC and the presence of significant CAD was assessed.
Results
A total of 90 patients were included in this study (71% male, 67 ± 7 years old). Forty-six patients were found to have significant CAD. AAC-score was significantly higher in patients with CAD (10.1 ± 4.9 vs 6.3 ± 4.6 (p < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that AAC score is an independent predictor for the presence of CAD with a 1,2 fold higher risk per point increase (p < 0.01). The AAC score has a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 57% for the presence of significant CAD.
Conclusion
This study shows that abdominal aortic calcification as assessed on a lateral lumbar X-ray is predictive for the presence of significant coronary artery disease in asymptomatic dialysis patients. This simple, non-invasive and cheap screening method could contribute to early identification of patients eligible for further screening of CAD.
Occlusive coronary artery disease (CAD) contributes significantly to the poor survival of chronic dialysis patients [1‐3]. Optimizing treatment strategies for CAD could therefore substantially improve the outcome in this patient group. Although it is known that CAD is highly prevalent among dialysis patients, the current reported prevalence is probably an underestimation of the actual prevalence. Several studies have indicated that, also among asymptomatic dialysis patients, CAD is prevalent in approximately 40–50% of the patients [4‐6]. Identification of these patients would allow for earlier and more optimal treatment. In dialysis patients it has been recently demonstrated that aortic calcification is an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It was therefore suggested that this screening modality could be used for accurate cardiovascular risk estimation in dialysis patients [7, 8]. Next to this relationship with cardiovascular events it has also been demonstrated, in an autopsy study performed in >600 middle aged adults, that the degree of abdominal calcification is associated with the extent of calcified coronary plaques [9].
Given these relationships, we hypothesized, that the extent of aortic calcification, as assessed on a plain lateral lumbar X-ray, might be predictive of the presence of significant CAD, in dialysis patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive value of abdominal calcification for the presence of significant CAD using a validated scoring system, that has previously been used to assess the clinical value of abdominal aortic calcification [7].
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Methods
Study population
For this analysis all patients enrolled in the ICD2 trial (ISRCTN20479861) until June 2013 were included. The background, objectives and methods of this study have been previously reported [10]. In summary, this study will evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic ICD implantation in chronic dialysis patients. Before patients are randomized, an intensive screening protocol is performed, including computed tomography angiography (CTA) and a lateral lumbar X-ray. All patients provided written informed consent and the design of the trial was approved by the local ethics committee. Patients with a previous coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation were not included, as were patients with an aortic prosthesis and patients in whom the CT-scan was not feasible, or considered uninterpretable.
Multi Slice CT protocol and MSCT data analysis
Prior to CT acquisition, patients with a high heart rate, defined as >65 beats per minute, received oral oral β-blockers (metoprolol 50 or 100 mg, single dose, 1 h before examination), if tolerated. Depending on the residual kidney function, pre and post procedural measures were taken in order to prevent further deterioration. These measures included pre and post procedural hydration (dose and route depending on the patients residual kidney function) and moreover in hemodialysis patients the scan was performed on the day prior to the next dialysis session.
Examinations were performed with a 64-detector row CT Scanner (Aquilion 64, Toshiba Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) or a 320-detector row CT scanner (Aquilion ONE, Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan) as previously described [11].
Data analysis was performed by two experienced CT observers (Including JWJ). If there was no consensus between these two reviewers a 3rd independent reviewer was consulted. Data of all major epicardial segments (in the RCA segments 1–3; in the LAD segments 5–8; and in the LCx segments 11 and 13) was analysed as previously described. Significant CAD was defined as coronary luminal narrowing of ≥ 50% [11].
Quantification of abdominal aortic calcification
The extent of aortic calcification was calculated on a lateral lumbar X-ray (MKB & MSB). The lateral X-ray was taken in a standing position using standard radiographic equipment. The grading was performed using a previously validated grading system [12, 13] in which the extent of calcific deposits is graded on a per segment basis using the lumbar vertebral segments L1-L4. Per segment a score between 0 and 3 was given for both the anterior and posterior wall of the Aorta. These eight scores resulted in a composite abdominal aortic calcification score (AAC score) ranging between 0 and 24 points (see Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Grading of abdominal aortic calcification. For all segments both the anterior and posterior wall are graded for the extent of vascular calcification. Grading: 0 points: No calcific deposits; 1 point: less than 1/3 of the wall calcified; 2 points : between 1/3 and 2/3 of the wall affected; 3 points : more than 2/3 of the wall affected. The right panel shows an example of this calculation
×
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD when normally distributed as assessed by Kolmogorv-Smirnov test. Non-normally distributed data were expressed as median (25th and 75th percentiles Q1,Q3). Continuous data were compared using the 2-tailed Student’s t-test for unpaired data or using the Mann–Whitney U-test when non-normally distributed. Categorical data were expressed as frequencies and percentages and were compared using the Chi-square test. Using logistic regression analysis, the univariate predictive value of the baseline parameters for the presence of coronary artery disease, was assessed. Subsequently a multivariate analysis (controlling for all univariate predictors with p < 0.2) was performed. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 20.0, SPPS Inc. Chicago, Illinois). All statistical tests were two-sided and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
For this study 90 out of the 142 patients enrolled in the ICD2 study were eligible for this analysis; 23 patients were not included because of a history of CABG, 10 patients because of a history of PCI with stent implantation, six patients because of a high/irregular heart rate, four patients had an non-diagnostic CTA, three patients had an aortic prosthesis and four patients refused CTA. Furthermore in two patients no lateral lumbar X-ray was obtained.
Patients were predominantly male (71%) with an average age of 67 ± 7 years. Most patients were on haemodialysis (69%) for a median duration for 18 [9, 29] months. The average abdominal aortic calcification score was 8.2 ± 5.1 points (range 0–20.5 points). The baseline characteristics are summarized in Table 1. No significant adverse events relating to the CT angiography or lumbar X-ray were documented.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics
All (n = 90)
No CAD (n = 44)
CAD (n = 46)
Age, yrs
67 ± 7
65 ± 7
69 ± 7*
Male gender, nr.(%)
64 (71%)
27 (61%)
37 (80%)
Hemodialysis, nr.(%)
62 (69%)
29 (66%)
33 (72%)
Dialysis Vintage, months
18 [9, 29]
17 [9, 33]
18 [8, 25]
BMI
26.8 ± 4.4
26.8 ± 4.5
26.8 ± 4.3
Hypertension, nr (%)
70 (77%)
32 (73%)
38 (83%)
Diabetes, nr (%)
26 (29%)
12 (27%)
14 (30%)
History of smoking, nr (%)
60 (67%)
28 (64%)
32 (70%)
Beta-Blocker, nr (%)
45 (50%)
23 (52%)
22 (48%)
ACEi/ARB, nr (%)
48 (53%)
21 (48%)
27 (59%)
Statin, nr (%)
45 (50%)
21 (48%)
24 (52%)
Troponin I (ng/L)
12 [7–22]
12 [6–24]
13 [7–17]
Troponin T (ng/L)
48 [32–75]
42 [29–71]
55 [35–81]
LV Ejection Fraction (%)
54% ± 6%
54% ± 7%
53% ± 6%
LVMi (g/m2)
125 ± 40
128 ± 45
122 ± 34
CACS
690 [133, 2085]
279 [20, 1691]
912 [441, 2217]*
AAC-score
8.2 ± 5.1
6.3 ± 4.6
10.1 ± 4.9*
CAD coronary artery disease, BMI body mass index, ACEi angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, LV left ventricular; LVMi left ventricular mass indexed for body surface area, CACS coronary artery calcification score, AAC abdominal aortic calcification; * = p <0.05
Coronary artery disease
Significant coronary artery disease was documented in 46 (51%) of the patients. Compared to patients with no significant CAD, these patients were significantly older (69 ± 7 vs. 65 ± 7 years, p <0.05). Furthermore patients with CAD were predominantly male (80 vs. 61%, p < 0.05). The AAC score was significantly higher in patients with significant CAD measured by CTA (10.1 ± 4.9 vs 6.3 ± 4.6 points, p <0.05). As could be expected the coronary artery calcium score assessed by CT was also higher in patients with CAD.
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Prediction of the presence of coronary artery disease
Using logistic regression analysis, the univariate predictive value of the baseline parameters, for the presence of CAD, was assessed. Older age, male gender and AAC score were predictors for the presence of significant CAD. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the AAC score was a significant and independent predictor for the presence of significant CAD with an approximately1.2 fold higher risk per point increase (Table 2). Of interest, also a significant correlation was found between the AAC score and the Coronary Calcium score. (Correlation Coefficient 0.45, p < 0.01, Spearman’s rho).
Table 2
Uni- and multivariate predictors for the presence of CAD
Univariate
Multivariate
Age
1.06 (1.00–1.13), p < 0.05
1.02 (0.95–1.09), p = 0.64
Male gender
2.59 (1.00–6.68), p < 0.05
2.73 (0.95–7.82), p = 0.062
Hemodialysis
1.31 (0.54–3.20), p = 0.55
Dialysis vintage
1.0 (0.99–1.00), p = 0.42
AACscore (per point)
1.19 (1.07–1.30), p < 0.05
1.18 (1.06–1.32), p < 0.01
Diabetes
1.17 (0.47–2.90), p = 0.74
History of smoking
1.31 (0.54–3.14), p = 0.55
Hypertension
1.78 (0.65–4.89), p = 0.26
BMI
1.0 (0.91–1.10), p = 0.95
AAC abdominal aortic calcification, BMI body mass index
Sensitivity and Specificity
Using ROC curve analysis, the optimal cut-off for the AAC score was assessed. With a cut-off of 6.5 points, the AAC score had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 57% for predicting the presence of significant CAD. Furthermore when this cut-off is used, the AAC score has a negative predictive value of 78% and a positive predictive value of 67% (Table 3). Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.72 (p <0.05). See Fig. 2.
Table 3
Presence of significant CAD using an AACscore cutoff of 6.5 points
When this cut-off was entered in the multivariable model, as described previously, an AAC score ≥ 6.5 was associated with a 6.56 (95% CI 2.28–18.85, p < 0.001) fold increased risk for the presence of significant CAD.
Discussion
This study demonstrates that the extent of abdominal aortic calcification, assessed using a plain lateral abdominal X-ray, is predictive for the presence of significant CAD in chronic dialysis patients.
The necessity to detect significant CAD in dialysis patients
CAD is highly prevalent among dialysis patients and is a major contributor to the poor outcome of dialysis patients [2, 14]. Optimal treatment of CAD could however, lead to significant improvements. For instance it has been demonstrated that revascularization in dialysis patients in whom significant CAD is detected may indeed increase survival [15‐17]. Nevertheless, despite these observations, it should be noted that it has been reported that invasive treatment for CAD is underused in dialysis patients [18].
Since significant CAD is highly prevalent among asymptomatic dialysis patients a substantial part is probably not optimally treated. It is possible that these patients would benefit from more intensive medical treatment or even revascularization. Some controversy remains on this topic however, since the definition of optimal treatment in this patient group is not a clear cut case. Further studies are needed in the future to address this problem. Although it has not been demonstrated, it seems reasonable to believe that, given the high incidence of CAD among dialysis patients and the fact that some patients probably would benefit of more intensive treatment, screening for CAD is warranted in dialysis patient in order to optimize treatment for CAD. Nonetheless, the true value of screening for CAD in dialysis patients needs to be addressed in future research.
Abdominal aortic calcification and coronary artery disease
Already in the 1950s it was reported, based on autopsy studies of > 600 middle aged adults, that there is a highly significant association between the degree of abdominal aortic calcification and the presence of calcified plaque in the coronary arteries [9]. Following these findings it was demonstrated, in the general population, that using a plain lateral abdominal x-ray the severity of aortic calcification can be predicted. Moreover a relationship between the extent of aortic calcification found on lateral lumbar x-ray and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality was reported [13, 19]. Consequently this relationship was also documented in dialysis patients [7]. To our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate that the AAC score is predictive for the presence of significant CAD in dialysis patients.
Other modalities to detect significant CAD
Many modalities to detect CAD are currently available, however each of them has its own limitations. The gold standard for the diagnosis of CAD, coronary angiography (CAG), has been suggested as a routine screening tool of CAD in dialysis patients [5, 20]. However, given its invasive nature, the high costs and the risks of complications, other diagnostic tools would probably be preferable in this asymptomatic population. Other imaging modalities have been proposed as well, such as dobutamine stress echocardiography and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy [21].
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Although no true comparison can be made between the screening modality presently investigated and other diagnostic tools for coronary artery disease, it is presumable that a plain lateral lumbar X-ray has financial and logistical advantages over the other diagnostic screening modalities mentioned.
Clinical implications
CAD is highly prevalent among dialysis patients but it has not yet been decided which diagnostic modality is preferable. However, routine screening for CAD, using one of the many available screening modalities seems justified, in order to improve the abysmal outcome of this patient group. We showed that aortic calcification on plain lateral lumbar x-ray is predictive for the presence of significant CAD. Using this inexpensive, non-invasive screening method, patients with high risk of having significant CAD can be easily identified. Subsequently the most optimal diagnostic or treatment strategy could then be initiated. It should however, once more, be stated that future research should further investigate what these treatment strategies for CAD in dialysis patients should be, since this is not yet a clear cut case.
Limitations
CT-angiography was used to detect the presence of significant CAD instead of coronary angiograpy (CAG). With CTA it is known that heavily calcified segments might give false positive results [22, 23]. On the other hand, in contrast to patients with normal renal function, in whom calcification occurs in the intima of the vessel, in dialysis patients calcification is often related to the media of the vessel [24, 25]. Since media calcification does not result in luminal narrowing, the luminal evaluation might still be feasible in dialysis patients. Moreover, it was also demonstrated that sensitivity and specificity of novel CT systems remain high despite severe coronary calcification. The authors of this meta-analysis suggest that diffuse calcifications resulting in a high calcium score are less likely to result in non-interpretability compared to considerable calcification in a small area [26]. In dialysis patients however, vascular calcification is usually a generalized problem. When analysing the feasibility of coronary CT-angiography we did not find a significant difference in coronary calcium score between patients with a completely interpretable scan and patients in whom one or more segments where considered non-interpretable [11]. In the current study 4 CT-scans where considered non-diagnostic, those patients where excluded from the current analysis.
Although it has been recently reported by our group that CT-angiography is feasible to detect CAD in dialysis patients, coronary angiograms still should be considered the gold standard [11]. Future studies therefore should correlate the AAC score to CAD detected by CAG in order to confirm our observations.
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Conclusion
Aortic calcification as assessed on a plain lateral lumbar X-ray is predictive for the presence of significant CAD in asymptomatic chronic dialysis patients. Using this X-ray, patients with high risk for CAD can be identified.
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
This study was supported by an unrestricted research grant of Biotronik. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
Data generated from the ICD2 trial can be requested via the corresponding author. J.W.jukema@lumc.nl.
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Authors’ contributions
Conception and design of the study by TJR, MJS and JWJ. MKB, MSB, JIR and MH were responsible for collecting the data. Data analysis was performed by MKB and MSB. MKB and MSB drafted the manuscript. Critical revision of the manuscript was then performed by JIR, MH, TJR, MJS and JWJ. The final version of the manuscript was read and approved by all authors.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All patients provided written informed consent and the design of the trial was approved by the local ethics committee (Commissie Medische Ethiek, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands).
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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