Erschienen in:
01.07.2013 | Original Article
Activation, dysfunction and retention of T cells in vaccine sites after injection of incomplete Freund’s adjuvant, with or without peptide
verfasst von:
Elise P. Salerno, Sofia M. Shea, Walter C. Olson, Gina R. Petroni, Mark E. Smolkin, Chantel McSkimming, Kimberly A. Chianese-Bullock, Craig L. Slingluff Jr.
Erschienen in:
Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy
|
Ausgabe 7/2013
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Abstract
We conducted a randomized clinical trial in 45 patients with resected AJCC stage IIB-IV melanoma to characterize cellular and molecular events at sites of immunization with incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) alone, or a melanoma vaccine in IFA. At a primary vaccine site, all patients received a multi-peptide melanoma vaccine in IFA. At a replicate vaccine site, which was biopsied, group 1 received IFA only; group 2 received vaccine in IFA. Lymphocytes isolated from replicate vaccine site microenvironments (VSME) were compared to time-matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in ELISpot and flow cytometry assays. Compared to PBMC, the VSME had fewer naïve and greater proportions of effector memory CD8+ T cells (TCD8). The vast majority of TCD8 within the VSME were activated (CD69+), with a concentration of antigen-specific (tetramerpos) cells in the VSME, particularly in vaccine sites with peptide (group 2). CXCR3+ lymphocytes were concentrated in the VSME of all patients, suggesting IFA-induced chemokine recruitment. TCD8 expression of retention integrins αEβ7 and α1β1 was elevated in VSME, with the highest levels observed in antigen-specific cells in VSME containing peptide (group 2). TCD8 retained in the VSME of both groups were strikingly dysfunctional, with minimal IFN-γ production in response to peptide stimulation and few tetramerpos cells producing IFN-γ. These data suggest that vaccine-induced selective retention and dysfunction of antigen-specific TCD8 within VSME may represent a significant mechanism underlying transient immune responses and low clinical response rates to peptide vaccines administered in IFA.