Adjunctive use of essential oils following scaling and root planing –a randomized clinical trial

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease, meaning that a single treatment approach is often not enough to combat the bacterial colonisation [1]. The multi-causal etiology of periodontal disease requires interdisciplinary treatment concepts and the selection of a therapy that focuses on the microbiological nature of the disease [2].

Currently, mechanical cleaning via scaling and root planing (SRP) represents the method of choice [3], which, through the removal of subgingival biofilm from the root surface, leads to greater reduction of periodontopathogenic microorganisms. However, studies have shown that remaining bacteria cannot be fully eliminated and the adjunctive administration of antimicrobial substances is necessary [4, 5].

The variety of possible adjuvant periodontitis treatment procedures includes local and systemic antibiotics [6], photodynamic therapy [7, 8], Er:YAG lasers [9], povidone-iodine [10, 11] as well as chlorhexidine digluconate [12‐14].

To improve the outcome of SRP antibiotics are used in severe forms of periodontitis [15, 16] and mostly chlorhexidine rinsing is executed in the first days after SRP [17, 18].

In the last two decades essential oils were extensively tested regarding their antibacterial properties against a broad spectrum of bacteria. Hammer et al. [19] investigated also in vitro how tea tree oils alter the permeability and membrane fluidity of different yeasts including Candida albicans. Based on their results, it was assumed that essential oils may have antimicrobial activity by influencing bacterial targets involved in cytoplasmatic and membrane metabolism. Other in vitro studies displayed that monoterpenes are important components of essential oils and increase fluidity and permeability of membranes and thus disturb membrane proteins, resulting in the inhibition of cell respiration and confusion of ion transport processes [20].

Cymbopogon flexuosus oil (lemongrass oil) has in vitro a strong antimicrobial and antifungal activity and inhibits very efficiently early biofilm formation [21, 22]. This oil elicites morphological changes like filamentation, inhibition of septum formation, spheroplast formation, as well as lysis and development of abnormally shaped cells. In vitro the incorporation of diaminopimelic acid into the cell wall murein of strain W7, was inhibited in a dose dependent way [23]. Thymus zygis oil has also a very strong antibacterial activity tested against different bacterial species and modulates inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6 and IL-10 in vitro [24]. Antioxidative effects of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf oil have also been described [25].

The aim of this prospective randomized study was to identify, if the adjunctive use of a mouthwash containing three essential oils (Cymbopogon flexuosus oil, Thymus Zygis oil, Rosmarinus officinalis) in the first days following SRP can improve the clinical results of SRP and has effects on the composition of the subgingival biofilm. Our hypothesis was to test, whether there is a significant difference between the adjunctive treatment with or without essential oil mouthwash, regarding changes of the clinical parameters PD, AL and BOP after 6 months.

Figure 1 presents the study flow adapted to Moher et al. [29]. 60 patients were assessed for eligibility, 10 patients were excluded. There were two drop outs in each group, these four patients did not attend the second appointment. Finally, data from 23 patients (11 male, 12 female; mean age 50.6 years, range 43 – 62 years) in the test group and data from 23 patients in the control group (13 male, 10 female, mean age 50.9 years, range 41 – 60 years) were evaluated. The demographic data of these 46 patients are summarized in Table 1. No adverse effects of the essential oil based mouthwash were observed during the study. The compliance of the patients was improved during initial therapy before SRP, API values of 18 % and 21 % were achieved in the test and control groups, respectively.

The changes of the clinical variables are presented in Table 2. Significant improvements of AL, PD, BOP and SBI occurred in both groups after three (p  <  0.001) and 6 months (p  ≤  0.015). AL was significantly better in the test group after 3 and 6 months (2.5 and 2.6 mm vs. 2.8 mm, p  <  0.001), so did PD after 3 months in the tendency (p  =  0.1). BOP was significantly lower in the test group after three months (6.0 vs. 9.0, p = 0.027). The improvement of BOP was also better in the test group after three months (p  =  0.065). There was no significant difference between the groups at SBI.

The results for the microbiological analysis are given in Table 3, which comprises all the 10 investigated bacteria.

C. rectus was significantly reduced in both groups after three months (p_t   =  0.002, p_c  =  0.012), so did P. micra (p_t   =  0.035, p_c  <  0.001) and T. forsythia (p_t   =  0.012, p_c  =  0.008).

T. denticola was also reduced in both groups after 3 months (p_t   =  0.057, p_c  =  0.004) but with significantly higher reduction in the test group, (p  =  0.044). F. nucleatum was significantly more reduced in the test group than in the control group after three months (p  =  0.029). After six months T. forsythia was still reduced in the test group, but not in the control group, with significant intergroup comparison (p  =  0.039).

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of the additional use of a mouthwash containing essential oils after SRP regarding clinical outcome variables and changes of periopathogenic bacteria of the subgingival biofilm. To our best knowledge and as a result of a comprehensive search of the existing literature such a study does not exist. No unintended side effect was seen.

The 0-hypothesis can be partly rejected. The adjunctive use of the essential oil containing mouthwash gave significant better results for AL and BOP as well as for F. nucleatum and T. forsythia. The results of SRP are in coincidence with those described by Cobb et al. [3]. Cobb reported a superior result for SRP for the reduction of PD, AL and BOP as well as stronger reduction of T. denticola, T. forsythia and F. nucleatum after three or six months. Mean pocket reduction after SRP is 1.29 mm and the mean attachment level gain is 0.55 mm for pockets with PD = 4–6 mm [3]. Our results correspond to these finding. The differences of PD and AL between the groups in our study were about 0.2 mm. This seems to be low but comparing SRP with or without adjuvant antibiotic therapy or adjuvant chemotherapeutics the mean differences are between 0.06 mm for metronidazole and 0.35 mm for chlorhexidine at PD and 0.07 mm and 0.16 mm at AL, respectively, after three months [30]. Referring to findings in well-treated periodontitis patients where a further attachment loss of 0.04–0.1 mm per year occurred [31], an attachment level gain of 0.2 mm could be of importance. On the other hand it is obvious that a mouthwash with several essential oils the first days after SRP cannot have such a strong effect as a systemic antibiotic. Using a local antibiotic 17 % more pocket reduction and 12 % more attachment level gain were found in the test group in comparison to the control group with placebo [32]. The further improvements of SRP by the adjunctive use of the Parodolium® mouthwash are within the range of improvements by adjunctives to SRP [33].

It is known, that SRP reduces periodontopathogenic bacteria of the subgingival biofilm. Haffajee et al. [34] and Cugini et al. [5] reported reductions of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola while other species like Actinomyces sp., Capnocytophaga sp., F. nucleatum, S. mitis and V. parvula increased. A reduction of Gram negative and an increase of Gram positive bacterial species are associated with gingival health [35‐38]. On the other hand, reinfections occur after several months [39, 40], already, which is in comparison to our study with exception of T. forsythia. The reduction of F. nucleatum in our study after three months is of importance because the presence of F. nucleatum influences further colonization of the biofilm by several periopathogenic bacteria like P. gingivalis and T. forsythia [41].

The advantage of the additional adjuvant use of the essential oil based mouthwash arises not only from the fact, that the results after SRP are only minimal smaller than those with systemic or local antibiotics, but positive antioxidative and immunoregulatory changes are described in vitro [24, 42] and in vivo [25]. Hitherto, the exact mechanisms of these effects have not be fully understood.

Over the last years, the interest in natural antimicrobials has increased and many plants have been studied for their antimicrobial properties [43]. In an in vitro study Cymbopogon flexuosus had the highest tested antimicrobial activity of seven in vitro tested substances with bactericidal effects against S. aureus and prevented biofilm formation [21]. However, no study on immunological effects of Cymbopogon flexuosus could be found in the literature. Thymus zygis has been studied more extensively from an immunological point of view. In a cellular model with human macrophages the gene expression for IL-1β, TNFα and Il-6 was significantly reduced and anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 does-dependently highly increased [24]. All these cytokines are key player in periodontal inflammation. Thymus zygis has in vitro a proven antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. enteritidis, S. essen and other bacteria [42]. Within the few existing literature no results on immunological effects could be found.

Concerning the question of bias our study design reduced such a risk, as the examiner was different from the clinician performing SRP and the examiner has been anterior calibrated. The intraexaminer variability was with 0.18 mm for PD and 0.20 for AL low. The risk of bias was further reduced by using a placebo in the control group and blinding of the groups for examiner and clinician.

Further studies are recommended to generalize these findings as our study comprised only a small group of patients. However, within the limits of the study we observed positive effects especially on AL, BOP as well as on F. nucleatum and T. forsythia in the subgingival biofilm in vivo of an additional mouthwash containing essential oils in improving clinical variables as well as the composition of the subgingival biofilm in the periodontal pocket. These results indicate that in mild or moderate periodontitis cases with moderate probing depths the adjunctive use of the tested mouthwash could be useful.

The adjuvant use of a mouthwash containing Cymbopogon flexuosus, Thymus zygis and Rosmarinus officinalis (Parodolium®) has a positive effect on the course of treatment in moderate chronic periodontitis. In particular, the significantly higher reduction of BOP and AL should be highlighted. Furthermore, the antibacterial effects should be outlined especially on F. nucleatum and T. forsythia in vivo in the context of well-known potential disadvantages of antibiotics.