Background
Methods
Patients and sample collection
Aluminum quantification using GFAAS
Step
|
Temperature
|
Ramp Time
|
Hold time
|
Flow rate
|
---|---|---|---|---|
(°C)
|
(s)
|
(s)
|
(mL min
− 1
)
| |
Drying | 110 | 1 | 30 | 250 |
Drying | 130 | 15 | 30 | 250 |
Pyrolysis | 1500 | 10 | 20 | 250 |
Atomization | 2350 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
Cleaning | 2450 | 1 | 3 | 250 |
Cooling | 20 | 1 | 5 | 250 |
Statistical analysis
Characteristics
|
Total
|
Aluminum content in mg/Kg
| ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (sd)
|
Negative*
|
0.05 - 2.0
|
≥ 2
| |||||||
Age
| P** | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | P trend*** | ||
<40
| 20 | 1.25(1.49) | 0.12 | 6 | (17.6) | 9 | (11.1) | 5 | (14.3) | 0.68 |
>4
0
| 130 | 1.97(3.81) | 28 | (82.4) | 72 | (88.9) | 30 | (85.7) | ||
BMI
| ||||||||||
<25
| 46 | 1.96(2.43) | 0.74 | 7 | (28) | 26 | (38.2) | 13 | (40.6) | 0.34 |
≥25
| 79 | 2.05(4.39) | 18 | (72) | 42 | (61.8) | 19 | (59.4) | ||
Menopausal status
| ||||||||||
Post
| 42 | 1.28(1.32) |
0.03
| 9 | (33.3) | 23 | (32.9) | 10 | (29.4) | 0.73 |
Pre
| 89 | 2.34(4.40) | 18 | (66.7) | 47 | (67.1) | 24 | (70.6) | ||
Quadrant
| ||||||||||
Upper external
| 92 | 1.83(3.61) | 0.93 | 23 | (67.6) | 47 | (58) | 22 | (62.9) | 0.69 |
Other
| 58 | 1.94(3.61) | 11 | (32.4) | 34 | (42) | 13 | (37.1) | ||
Tumor size
| ||||||||||
<2.0 cm
| 72 | 2.36(4.64) | 0.21 | 13 | (38.2) | 39 | (49.4) | 20 | (57.1) | 0.11 |
≥2.0 cm
| 76 | 1.44(2.21) | 21 | (61.8) | 40 | (50.6) | 15 | (42.9) | ||
Stage
| ||||||||||
I-II
| 90 | 2.19(4.37) | 0.13 | 19 | (57.6) | 49 | (61.3) | 22 | (62.9) | 0.65 |
III – IV
| 58 | 1.42(1.90) | 14 | (42.4) | 31 | (38.8) | 13 | (37.1) | ||
Histologic grade
| ||||||||||
I-II
| 26 | 2.36(6.02) | 0.79 | 5 | (15.6) | 17 | (23) | 4 | (12.1) | 0.70 |
III
| 113 | 1.74(2.87) | 27 | (84.4) | 57 | (77) | 29 | (87.9) | ||
Estrogen receptor
| ||||||||||
Negative
| 40 | 1.34(1.48) | 0.67 | 12 | (36.4) | 17 | (22.4) | 11 | (32.4) | 0.72 |
Positive
| 103 | 2.13(4.22) | 21 | (63.6) | 59 | (77.6) | 23 | (67.6) | ||
Progesterone receptor
| ||||||||||
Negative
| 56 | 1.34(1.31) | 0.86 | 15 | (45.5) | 28 | (36.8) | 13 | (39.4) | 0.61 |
Positive
| 86 | 2.25(4.59) | 18 | (54.5) | 48 | (63.2) | 20 | (60.6) | ||
cerbb2 status
| ||||||||||
Negative
| 94 | 1.91(3.54) | 0.18 | 22 | (66.7) | 47 | (63.5) | 25 | (75.8) | 0.43 |
Positive
| 46 | 1.91(4.07) | 11 | (33.3) | 27 | (36.5) | 8 | (24.2) |
Characteristics
|
Total
|
Aluminum content in mg/Kg
| ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (sd)
|
Negative*
|
0.05 - 2.0
|
≥ 2
| |||||||
Age
| P** | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | P trend*** | ||
<40
| 20 | 1.71(1.79) |
0.02
| 4 | (16) | 9 | (10) | 7 | (20) | 0.52 |
>4
0
| 130 | 1.97(3.81) | 21 | (84) | 81 | (90) | 28 | (80) | ||
BMI
| ||||||||||
<25
| 46 | 2.13(1.06) | 0.87 | 5 | (31.2) | 28 | (36.8) | 13 | (39.4) | 0.59 |
≥25
| 79 | 2.34(1.93) | 11 | (68.8) | 48 | (63.2) | 20 | (60.6) | ||
Menopausal status
| ||||||||||
Post
| 42 | 2.09(2.33) |
0.02
| 6 | (35.3) | 22 | (27.8) | 14 | (40) | 0.49 |
Pre
| 89 | 2.47(1.15) | 11 | (64.7) | 57 | (72.2) | 21 | (60) | ||
Quadrant
| ||||||||||
Upper external
| 92 | 1.96(3.57) | 0.86 | 14 | (56) | 56 | (62.2) | 22 | (62.9) | 0.61 |
Other
| 58 | 2.33(1.97) | 11 | (44) | 34 | (37.8) | 13 | (37.1) | ||
Tumor size
| ||||||||||
<2.0 cm
| 72 | 2.31(7.23) | 0.81 | 12 | (48) | 40 | (44.9) | 20 | (58.8) | 0.34 |
≥2.0 cm
| 76 | 1.92(3.77) | 13 | (52) | 49 | (55.1) | 14 | (41.2) | ||
Stage
| ||||||||||
I-II
| 90 | 1.76(3.23) | 0.48 | 13 | (52) | 56 | (63.6) | 21 | (60) | 0.61 |
III – IV
| 58 | 2.67(2.19) | 12 | (48) | 32 | (36.4) | 14 | (40) | ||
Histologic grade
| ||||||||||
I-II
| 26 | 1.28(1.17) | 0.83 | 5 | (21.7) | 16 | (19.3) | 5 | (15.2) | 0.52 |
III
| 113 | 2.40(2.48) | 18 | (78.3) | 67 | (80.7) | 28 | (84.8) | ||
Estrogen receptor
| ||||||||||
Negative
| 40 | 1.77(1.57) | 0.19 | 5 | (21.7) | 22 | (25.6) | 13 | (38.2) | 0.14 |
Positive
| 103 | 2.32(2.76) | 18 | (78.3) | 64 | (74.4) | 21 | (61.8) | ||
Progesterone receptor
| ||||||||||
Negative
| 56 | 1.94(2.56) | 0.15 | 7 | (30.4) | 32 | (37.6) | 17 | (50) | 0.12 |
Positive
| 86 | 2.31(7.20) | 16 | (69.6) | 53 | (62.4) | 17 | (50) | ||
cerbb2 status
| ||||||||||
Negative
| 94 | 1.91(3.54) | 0.09 | 17 | (73.9) | 52 | (62.7) | 25 | (73.5) | 0.86 |
Positive
| 46 | 1.91(4.07) | 6 | (26.1) | 31 | (37.3) | 9 | (26.5) |
Characteristics
|
Total
|
Aluminum content in mg/Kg
| ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (sd)
|
Negative*
|
0.05 - 2.0
|
≥ 2
| |||||||
Age
| P** | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | P trend*** | ||
<40
| 20 | 1.13(1.59) | 0.17 | 3 | (14.3) | 15 | (12.8) | 2 | (16.7) | 0.91 |
>4
0
| 130 | 1.76(11.90) | 18 | (85.7) | 102 | (87.2) | 10 | (83.3) | ||
BMI
| ||||||||||
<25
| 46 | 3.68(19.9) | 0.38 | 5 | (33.3) | 36 | (35.6) | 5 | (55.6) | 0.40 |
≥25
| 79 | 0.78(1.13) | 10 | (66.7) | 65 | (64.4) | 4 | (44.4) | ||
Menopausal status
| ||||||||||
Post
| 42 | 4.06(20.88) | 0.12 | 6 | (35.3) | 33 | (31.7) | 3 | (30) | 0.75 |
Pre
| 89 | 0.73(0.98) | 11 | (64.7) | 71 | (68.3) | 7 | (70) | ||
Quadrant
| ||||||||||
Upper external
| 92 | 2.19(14.13) | 0.59 | 15 | (71.4) | 70 | (59.8) | 7 | (58.3) | 0.37 |
Other
| 58 | 0.87(1.32) | 6 | (28.6) | 47 | (40.2) | 5 | (41.7) | ||
Tumor size
| ||||||||||
<2.0 cm
| 72 | 0.78(0.94) | 0.28 | 6 | (30) | 60 | (51.7) | 6 | (50) | 0.16 |
≥2.0 cm
| 76 | 2.56(15.56) | 14 | (70) | 56 | (48.3) | 6 | (50) | ||
Stage
| ||||||||||
I-II
| 90 | 2.19(14.28) | 0.42 | 10 | (50) | 74 | (63.8) | 6 | (50) | 0.75 |
III – IV
| 58 | 0.92(1.51) | 10 | (50) | 42 | (36.2) | 6 | (50) | ||
Histologic grade
| ||||||||||
I-II
| 26 | 0.89(1.30) | 0.53 | 4 | (21.1) | 20 | (18.2) | 2 | (20) | 0.88 |
III
| 113 | 1.89(12.75) | 15 | (78.9) | 90 | (81.8) | 8 | (80) | ||
Estrogen receptor
| ||||||||||
Negative
| 40 | 0.56(0.49) |
0.009
| 2 | 10 | 37 | 33.3 | 1 | (8.3) | 0.62 |
Positive
| 103 | 2.18(13.37) | 18 | 90 | 74 | 66.7 | 11 | (91.7) | ||
Progesterone receptor
| ||||||||||
Negative
| 56 | 0.63(0.68) |
0.04
| 4 | (20) | 49 | (44.5 | 3 | (25) | 0.43 |
Positive
| 86 | 2.46(14.62) | 16 | (80) | 61 | (55.5) | 9 | (75) | ||
cerbb2 status
| ||||||||||
Negative
| 94 | 0.82(1.19) | 0.77 | 13 | (68.4) | 74 | (67.9) | 7 | (58.3) | 0.61 |
Positive
| 46 | 3.68(19.96) | 6 | (31.6) | 35 | (32.1) | 5 | (41.7) |
Results
Aluminum concentration per tumor region (mg/kg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Central
|
Peripheral
|
Normal
| ||
Mean | 1.88 | 2.10 | 1.68 |
p-value*
|
Standard deviation | 3.60 | 5.67 | 11.1 | 0.88 |
Cancer regions grouped
|
Normal
| |||
Mean | 1.99 | 1.68 |
p-value*
| |
Standard deviation | 3.46 | 11.1 | 0.74 | |
Two-by-two comparisons of the tumor regions
|
Mean difference
|
p-value*
| ||
Central-Peripheral | 0.67 | 0.96 | ||
Central-Normal | 0.83 | 0.97 | ||
Peripheral-Normal | 0.67 | 0.87 |