Background
Methods
Phase 1: identifying the candidate features to include in the measurement tool
Dimensions | Criteria | Indicators | References |
---|---|---|---|
Personal characteristic | Personal characteristic/determinants | age | |
gender | |||
Education | |||
Ethnicity | |||
Residential tenure | |||
Marital status | |||
Household size | |||
Driving license | |||
Employment/ paid work | |||
Eating/drinking habitat | |||
Family support/ domestic care | |||
Self-care | |||
Self-promotion | |||
Mutual help/ | |||
Self-esteem | |||
Life satisfaction | |||
Travel behaviour | |||
Behavioural attitude/ determinants | Smoking | [29] | |
Alcohol | |||
Length of activity | |||
Place-related | Land- use | Shopping services | |
service proximity | |||
public facility | |||
mix use | |||
Facilities management | [40] | ||
sport recreation facility | |||
Access | Connectivity | ||
Accessibility services | |||
Traffic condition | |||
Pavement condition | |||
Walkable Environment | |||
Mobility | |||
Transportation | |||
Physical form | Up keeping | ||
Abandon buildings | |||
Presence amenities/infrastructure sufficiency | |||
Urban Block size | |||
Safety | |||
Security | |||
green space | |||
Cityscape/City Image | perceived distance | ||
legibility | [53] | ||
Perceived Aesthetics | |||
Natural scenery | |||
Public open spaces | Street lighting | ||
Area open spaces ratio | [77] | ||
Recreation Public open spaces | [78] | ||
Quietness | |||
cleanness | |||
maintenance | |||
Pollution | [50] | ||
Landscaping quality | |||
Housing | Universal design | ||
Residential density | |||
Residential Care Facility | [59] | ||
Type of housing | |||
Socio-economic environment | Social Environment | Life expectancy | [35] |
Quality life | |||
Social interaction/ community activities | |||
Happiness | [88] | ||
Social inclusion | |||
Social Inequalities | [58] | ||
Social Demography | |||
Social democracy | |||
Participation | |||
Social Support | |||
Education learning | [31] | ||
Social capital | [49] | ||
Cultural Environment | Religious activity | ||
Cultural events | |||
Sense place | |||
Economic Environment | healthcare services | ||
limited income | [31] | ||
insurance coverage | [31] | ||
Socio-economic status | |||
Affordable housing | [22] | ||
Car ownership | [32] | ||
Homeownership | [85] | ||
Household income | [25] | ||
Living situation | |||
Governmental | Good Governance | Effective collaboration | |
Performance orientation | |||
governance | |||
Equity | |||
Health | Physical Health | Disability | |
Public Health | |||
Incidence of disease | [25] | ||
Pain feeling | [25] | ||
Functional ability | [25] | ||
Risk institutionalization | [25] | ||
Self-reported falls | |||
Self-reported health | [25] | ||
Physical activity | |||
Activities daily living | [25] | ||
Genetic factors | [25] | ||
BMI | |||
Sleep hygiene | [28] | ||
Personal hygiene | [28] | ||
Mental Health | Depressive | ||
Cognitive functioning | |||
Psychological distress | |||
Psychological well-being | |||
Anxiety | |||
Anger | |||
Restorative activity | |||
Spiritual activity | |||
Self-actualization | |||
Social Health | Relation family | ||
Relation work | |||
social life | |||
sense community |
Phase 2: consensus-building study to select and refine the indicators and criteria
Round 1
Round 2
Data analysis
Results
Delphi panelists and participants response
The Delphi survey results
Round 1
Dimensions | Criteria | Indicators | N | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Std. Deviation | Rate of Agreement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal characteristic | Personal characteristic /determinants | age | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 |
gender | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Education | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 2.000 | 0.545 | ||
Ethnicity | 23 | 0 | 11 | 5.05 | 3.000 | 0.459 | ||
Residential tenure | 23 | 0 | 10 | 5.00 | 3.000 | 0.455 | ||
Marital status | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.500 | 0.636 | ||
Household size | 23 | 0 | 11 | 5.00 | 3.000 | 0.455 | ||
Driving license | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 3.000 | 0.545 | ||
Employment/ paid work | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.500 | 0.636 | ||
Eating/drinking habitat | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.500 | 0.636 | ||
Family support/ domestic care | 23 | 5 | 11 | 9.00 | 1.000 | 0.818 | ||
Self-care | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.500 | 0.636 | ||
Self-promotion | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 3.000 | 0.545 | ||
Mutual help/ | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 2.000 | 0.545 | ||
Self esteem | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Life satisfaction | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Travel behavior | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Behavioural attitude/ determinants | Smoking | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 3.000 | 0.545 | |
Alcohol | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 3.000 | 0.545 | ||
Length of activity | 23 | 5 | 11 | 9.00 | 1.000 | 0.818 | ||
Place-related | Land- use | Shopping services | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 |
service proximity | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
public facility | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
mix use | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 2.500 | 0.545 | ||
Facilities management | 23 | 0 | 11 | 5.00 | 3.000 | 0.455 | ||
sport recreation facility | 23 | 5 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.500 | 0.727 | ||
Access | Connectivity | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.09 | 2.000 | 0.735 | |
Accessibility services | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Traffic condition | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Pavement condition | 23 | 2 | 11 | 8.09 | 2.000 | 0.735 | ||
Walkable Environment | 23 | 1 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | ||
Mobility | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.500 | 0.636 | ||
Transportation | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Physical form | Up keeping | 23 | 5 | 11 | 7.00 | 1.000 | 0.636 | |
Abandon buildings | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Presence amenities/infrastructure sufficiency | 23 | 5 | 11 | 8.00 | 1.000 | 0.727 | ||
Urban Block size | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Safety | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Security | 23 | 2 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | ||
green space | 23 | 3 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | ||
Cityscape/City Image | perceived distance | 23 | 4 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | |
legibility | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Perceived Aesthetics | 23 | 2 | 10 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Natural scenery | 23 | 2 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | ||
Public open spaces | Street lighting | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | |
Area open spaces ratio | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.05 | 2.000 | 0.641 | ||
Recreation Public open spaces | 23 | 2 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Quietness | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
cleanness | 23 | 2 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | ||
maintenance | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Pollution | 23 | 1 | 11 | 8.09 | 2.000 | 0.735 | ||
Landscaping quality | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Housing | Universal design | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 2.500 | 0.545 | |
Residential density | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 2.500 | 0.545 | ||
Residential Care Facility | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.500 | 0.636 | ||
Type of housing | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Socio-economic environment | Social Environment | Life expectancy | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.500 | 0.636 |
Quality life | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.500 | 0.727 | ||
Social interaction/ community activities | 23 | 3 | 11 | 9.09 | 2.000 | 0.826 | ||
Happiness | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Social inclusion | 23 | 1 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | ||
Social Inequalities | 23 | 2 | 11 | 6.00 | 2.000 | 0.545 | ||
Social Demography | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 3.000 | 0.545 | ||
Social democracy | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.05 | 3.000 | 0.641 | ||
Participation | 23 | 2 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Social Support | 23 | 2 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | ||
Education learning | 23 | 2 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Social capital | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Cultural Environment | Religious activity | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.05 | 2.000 | 0.732 | |
Cultural events | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Sense place | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.500 | 0.636 | ||
Economic Environment | healthcare services | 23 | 1 | 11 | 8.05 | 2.000 | 0.732 | |
limited income | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.500 | 0.636 | ||
insurance coverage | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 3.000 | 0.636 | ||
Socioeconomic statues | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.500 | 0.636 | ||
Affordable housing | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Car ownership | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 2.000 | 0.545 | ||
Homeownership | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 3.000 | 0.636 | ||
Household income | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 3.000 | 0.545 | ||
Living situation | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 3.013 | 0.545 | ||
Governmental | Good Governance | Effective collaboration | 23 | 2 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.087 | 0.727 |
Performance orientation | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 3.000 | 0.545 | ||
governance | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 2.500 | 0.545 | ||
Equity | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.500 | 0.636 | ||
Health | Physical Health | Disability | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 |
Public Health | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.500 | 0.727 | ||
Incidence disease | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | ||
Pain feeling | 23 | 2 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | ||
Functional ability | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | ||
Risk institutionalization | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 3.000 | 0.545 | ||
Self-reported falls | 23 | 2 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Self-reported health | 23 | 2 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Physical activity | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.500 | 0.636 | ||
Activities daily living | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | ||
Genetic factors | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 3.000 | 0.636 | ||
BMI | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Sleep hygiene | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Personal hygiene | 23 | 1 | 11 | 6.00 | 2.000 | 0.545 | ||
Mental Health | Depressive | 23 | 1 | 11 | 8.05 | 2.000 | 0.732 | |
Cognitive functioning | 23 | 7 | 11 | 9.09 | 1.000 | 0.826 | ||
Psychological distress | 23 | 1 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | ||
Psychological wellbeing | 23 | 3 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | ||
Anxiety | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.500 | 0.636 | ||
Anger | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Restorative activity | 23 | 1 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | ||
Spiritual activity | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Self-actualization | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.000 | 0.636 | ||
Social Health | Relation family | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.500 | 0.727 | |
Relation work | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.500 | 0.727 | ||
social life | 23 | 1 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 | ||
sense community | 23 | 1 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.000 | 0.727 |
Round 2
Dimensions | Criteria | Indicators | N | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Std. Deviation | Rate of Agreement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal characteristic | Personal characteristic /determinants | age | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.50 | 2.00 | 0.773 |
gender | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Education | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.50 | 2.00 | 0.591 | ||
Marital status | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Employment/ paid work | 23 | 0 | 10 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Eating/drinking habitat | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Family support/ domestic care | 23 | 0 | 11 | 9.00 | 1.00 | 0.818 | ||
Self-care | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Mutual help/ Having a Partner | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Life satisfaction | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Travel behavior | 23 | 5 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
living at least with one child | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 2.00 | 0.545 | ||
Behavioural attitude/ determinants | Functionality/ indecency in activities | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 2.00 | 0.545 | |
Length of activity | 23 | 0 | 11 | 9.00 | 1.00 | 0.818 | ||
Place-related | Land- use | Shopping services | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 |
service proximity | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
public facility | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
mix use | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
sport recreation facility | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.50 | 2.00 | 0.773 | ||
Access | Connectivity | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.09 | 2.00 | 0.735 | |
Accessibility services | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Traffic condition | 23 | 5 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Pavement condition | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.09 | 2.00 | 0.735 | ||
Walkable Environment | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Mobility | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Transportation | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Physical form | Up keeping | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 1.00 | 0.727 | |
Abandon buildings | 23 | 5 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Presence amenities/ Infrastructure sufficiency | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 1.00 | 0.727 | ||
Urban Block size | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Safety | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Security | 23 | 2 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
green space | 23 | 1 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Cityscape/City Image | perceived distance | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | |
legibility | 23 | 1 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Perceived Aesthetics | 23 | 5 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Natural scenery | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Public open spaces | Street lighting | 23 | 5 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | |
Area open spaces ratio | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Recreation Public open spaces | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Quietness | 23 | 2 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
cleanness | 23 | 3 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
maintenance | 23 | 4 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Pollution | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.09 | 2.00 | 0.735 | ||
Landscaping quality | 23 | 2 | 10 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Housing | Universal design | 23 | 2 | 11 | 6.00 | 2.50 | 0.545 | |
Residential density | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 2.00 | 0.545 | ||
Residential Care Facility | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Type of housing | 23 | 2 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Socio-economic environment | Social Environment | Life expectancy | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 |
Quality life | 23 | 2 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Social interaction/ community activities | 23 | 1 | 11 | 9.09 | 2.00 | 0.826 | ||
Happiness | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Social inclusion | 23 | 1 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Social Inequalities | 23 | 0 | 11 | 6.00 | 2.00 | 0.545 | ||
Social Participation | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Social Support | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
lifelong learning | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Social capital | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Religious activity | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.05 | 2.00 | 0.732 | ||
Cultural events/ activities | 23 | 3 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Sense of place | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Economic Environment | health care services | 23 | 1 | 11 | 8.05 | 2.00 | 0.732 | |
limited income/ paid work | 23 | 2 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Having pension | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Household expenditure | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
ICT use | 23 | 2 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Affordable housing | 23 | 2 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Governmental | Good Governance | Effective collaboration | 23 | 2 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 |
Good governance | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Equity | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Health | Physical Health | Disability. At least one ADL Disability | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 |
Public Health | 23 | 2 | 11 | 8.50 | 2.00 | 0.773 | ||
Incidence disease | 23 | 2 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Pain feeling | 23 | 1 | 11 | 8.50 | 2.00 | 0.773 | ||
Functional-ability | 23 | 1 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Self-reported falls | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Self-reported health | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Art activities | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Leisure activities. Recreational activities | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Physical activity | 23 | 1 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Activities daily living Level (ADL) | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
BMI | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Sleep hygiene | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Personal hygiene | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Mental Health | Depression | 23 | 2 | 11 | 8.05 | 2.00 | 0.732 | |
Cognitive functioning | 23 | 0 | 11 | 9.00 | 1.00 | 0.818 | ||
Psychological distress | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Psychological wellbeing | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Anxiety | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Anger | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Restorative activity | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
Spiritual activity | 23 | 2 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Self-esteem. Life scheme | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 0.682 | ||
Self-efficacy | 23 | 0 | 11 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 0.636 | ||
Social Health | Relation in family | 23 | 2 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | |
Relation in work | 23 | 2 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
social life | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 | ||
sense of community | 23 | 0 | 11 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 0.727 |