Background
Analytic framework
Methods
Ethics statement
Data acquisition and study population
Statistical analysis
Predisposing | Demography | Age | 15~ 24 (Reference group); 25~ 34;35~ 44;45~ 54;> 55 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male (Reference group); Female | |||
Social structure | Marital status | Unmarried (Reference group); married; divorced/widowed | ||
Education level | Junior high school degree and below (Reference group); High school or secondary; University or college; Master’ degree or above | |||
Ethnicity | Han ethnic (Reference); Minorities | |||
Enabling | Individual/family resources | Incoming monthly | < 3000 (Reference group); 3000~ 4999;> 5000 | |
Employment status | Formal work (Reference group); Retirement; Informal work | |||
Insurance status | Uninsured (Reference group); Insured | |||
Housing condition | Housing source | Own house (Reference group); Rent | ||
Community resources | Residential condition | Distance from residence to nearest medical institution | < 1 km (Reference group):1~;> 2 | |
Need | Having chronic disease | No (Reference); Yes | ||
Having symptoms in the past month | Prevalence | No (Reference); Yes | ||
Severity | Mild (Reference); Moderate; Severe | |||
Self-evaluation general health status | Good (Reference); General; Poor |
Results
Utilization of health services in the past month
Age | Migrants (N, %) | Residents with “Hukou” (N, %) | P-value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Have one or more symptoms | % | Total | Have one or more symptoms | % | ||
15~ | 396 | 96 | 24.2 | 456 | 115 | 25.2 | 0.125 |
25~ | 859 | 179 | 20.8 | 825 | 217 | 26.3 | 0.005 |
35~ | 405 | 110 | 27.2 | 858 | 231 | 26.9 | 0.234 |
45~ | 197 | 50 | 25.4 | 960 | 295 | 30.7 | 0.076 |
55~ | 157 | 68 | 43.3 | 1479 | 583 | 39.4 | 0.098 |
Total | 2014 | 504 | 25.0 | 4578 | 1442 | 31.5 | < 0.0001 |
Migrants | Residents with “Hukou” | P-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO. | % | NO. | % | ||
Therapy measures | < 0.0001 | ||||
Seek health services | 235 | 46.7 | 903 | 62.7 | |
Self-medication | 122 | 24.3 | 219 | 15.2 | |
Do nothing | 146 | 29.0 | 319 | 22.1 |
Migrants (n = 503) | Residents with “Hukou” (n = 1441) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variances | Seek health services N (%) | Non seek health services N (%) | Total N (%) | χ2 |
P
| Seek health services N (%) | Non seek health services N (%) | Total N (%) | χ2 |
P
|
Predisposing variables | ||||||||||
Gender | 0.017 | 0.927 | 6.659 | 0.011 | ||||||
Male | 89 (47.1) | 100 (52.9) | 189 (100) | 276 (58.0) | 200 (42.0) | 476 (100) | ||||
Female | 146 (46.5) | 168 (53.5) | 314 (100) | 627 (65.0) | 338 (35.0) | 965 (100) | ||||
Age | 14.937 | 0.005 | 69.937 | 0.000 | ||||||
15~ | 40 (41.7) | 56 (58.3) | 96 (100) | 56 (48.7) | 59 (51.3) | 115 (100) | ||||
25~ | 78 (43.6) | 101(56.4) | 179 (100) | 107 (49.3) | 110 (50.7) | 217 (100) | ||||
35~ | 46 (41.8) | 64 (58.2) | 110 (100) | 126 (54.5) | 105 (44.5) | 231 (100) | ||||
45~ | 25 (50.0) | 25 (50.0) | 50 (100) | 178 (60.3) | 117 (39.7) | 295 (100) | ||||
55~ | 46 (67.6) | 22 (32.4) | 68 (100) | 436 (74.8) | 147 (25.2) | 583 (100) | ||||
Ethnicity | 11.001 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 1.000 | ||||||
Han | 226 (48.9) | 236 (51.1) | 462 (100) | 850 (62.6) | 507 (37.4) | 1357 (100) | ||||
Minority | 9 (22.0) | 32 (78.0) | 41 (100) | 53 (63.1) | 31 (36.9) | 84 (100) | ||||
Marital status | 3.347 | 0.188 | 24.090 | 0.000 | ||||||
No married | 70 (41.8) | 100 (58.2) | 170 (100) | 96 (51.6) | 90 (48.4) | 186 (100) | ||||
Married | 156 (49.8) | 157 (50.2) | 313 (100) | 711 (62.7) | 423 (37.3) | 1134 (100) | ||||
Divorced/Widowed | 9 (45.0) | 11 (55.0) | 20 (100) | 96 (79.3) | 25 (20.7) | 121 (100) | ||||
Education level | 0.833 | 0.842 | 22.931 | 0.000 | ||||||
Junior high school and below | 56 (50.0) | 56 (50.0) | 112 (100) | 263 (71.9) | 103 (28.1) | 366 (100) | ||||
High school or secondary | 66 (46.5) | 76 (53.5) | 142 (100) | 291(62.3) | 176(37.7) | 467(100) | ||||
University or college | 96 (44.9) | 118 (55.1) | 214 (100) | 292 (58.9) | 204 (41.1) | 496 (100) | ||||
Master’ degree or above | 17 (48.6) | 18 (51.4) | 35 (100) | 57 (50.9) | 55 (49.1) | 112 (100) | ||||
Enabling variables | ||||||||||
Incoming | 5.753 | 0.056 | 10.931 | 0.004 | ||||||
< 3000 | 135 (48.7) | 142 (51.3) | 277 (100) | 589 (65.3) | 313 (34.7) | 902 (100) | ||||
3000–4999 | 61 (39.4) | 94 (60.6) | 155 (100) | 220 (61.1) | 140 (38.9) | 360 (100) | ||||
> 5000 | 39 (54.9) | 32 (45.1) | 71 (100) | 94 (52.5) | 85 (47.5) | 179 (100) | ||||
Housing source | 0.806 | 0.421 | 0.872 | 0.352 | ||||||
Own house | 68 (50.0) | 68 (50.0) | 136 (100) | 619 (63.5) | 356 (36.5) | 975 (100) | ||||
Rent | 167 (45.5) | 200 (54.5) | 367 (100) | 284 (60.9) | 182 (39.1) | 466 (100) | ||||
Employment status | 6.365 | 0.041 | 46.566 | 0.000 | ||||||
Formal work | 127 (48.8) | 133 (51.2) | 260 (100) | 410 (59.7) | 277 (40.3) | 687 (100) | ||||
Retirement | 26 (60.5) | 17 (39.5) | 43 (100) | 328 (75.1) | 109 (24.9) | 437 (100) | ||||
Informal work | 82 (41.0) | 118 (59.0) | 200 (100) | 165 (52.1) | 152 (47.9) | 317 (100) | ||||
Insurance | 0.820 | 0.199 | 1.691 | 0.199 | ||||||
Uninsured | 108 (44.6) | 134(55.4) | 242(100) | 68 (57.1) | 51 (42.9) | 119 (100) | ||||
Insured | 127 (48.7) | 134(51.3) | 261(100) | 835 (63.2) | 487 (36.8) | 1322 (100) | ||||
Distance from residence to nearest medical institution | 2.229 | 0.328 | 5.099 | 0.078 | ||||||
0~ | 85 (46.2) | 99 (53.8) | 184 (100) | 391 (66.0) | 201 (34.0) | 592 (100) | ||||
1~ | 31 (39.7) | 47 (60.3) | 78 (100) | 182 (61.3) | 115 (38.7) | 297 (100) | ||||
2~ | 119 (49.4) | 122 (50.6) | 241 (100) | 330 (59.8) | 222 (40.2) | 552 (100) | ||||
Need variables | ||||||||||
Having chronic disease | 7.625 | 0.006 | 72.114 | 0.000 | ||||||
No | 125 (41.7) | 175 (65.3) | 300 (100) | 248 (48.2) | 267 (51.8) | 515 (100) | ||||
Yes | 110 (54.2) | 93 (45.8) | 203 (100) | 655 (70.7) | 271 (29.3) | 926 (100) | ||||
Self-evaluation general health status | 4.840 | 0.089 | 8.213 | 0.016 | ||||||
Good | 82 (42.3) | 112 (57.7) | 194 (100) | 275 (62.4) | 166 (37.6) | 441 (100) | ||||
Moderate | 126 (47.7) | 138 (52.3) | 264 (100) | 475 (60.5) | 310 (39.5) | 785 (100) | ||||
Poor | 27 (60.0) | 18 (40.0) | 45 (100) | 153 (71.2) | 62 (28.8) | 215 (100) | ||||
The degree of symptom in the past month | 22.586 | 0.000 | 93.001 | 0.000 | ||||||
Mild | 72 (36.7) | 124 (63.3) | 196 (100) | 199 (46.9) | 225 (53.1) | 424 (100) | ||||
Moderate | 127 (49.2) | 131 (50.8) | 258 (100) | 527 (65.1) | 283 (34.9) | 810 (100) | ||||
Severe | 36 (73.5) | 13 (26.5) | 49 (100) | 177 (85.5) | 30 (14.5) | 207 (100) |
Logistic regression model
-2Log likelihood | Cox and Snell R Square | Nagelkerke R Square | |
---|---|---|---|
Model Ia | 654.081 | 0.078 | 0.105 |
Model IIb | 1714.070 | 0.124 | 0.169 |
Variables in the Equation | Model I | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
B (SE) | Wald | OR [95%-CI] | P-value | |
Predisposing variables | ||||
Minorities (Ref = Han ethnic) | −1.265 (0.403) | 9.871 | 0.282 [0.128, 0.621] | 0.002 |
Enabling variables | ||||
Incoming (Ref = < 3000) | ||||
3000~ 4999 | −0.400 (0.211) | 3.590 | 0.670 [0.443,1.014] | 0.058 |
> 5000 | 0.322 (0.276) | 0.276 | 1.380 [0.804,2.370] | 0.243 |
Need variables | ||||
The degree of the symptom in the past month (Ref = Mild) | ||||
Moderate | 0.484 (0.197) | 6.029 | 1.623 [1.103, 2.389] | 0.014 |
Severe | 1.616 (0.364) | 19.739 | 5.035 [2.468, 10.272] | 0.000 |
Constant | −0.368 (0.176) | 4.349 | 0.615 | 0.058 |
Variables in the equation | Model II | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
B (SE) | Wald | OR [95%-CI] | P-value | |
Predisposing variables | ||||
Female (Ref = Male) | 0.273 (0.124) | 4.859 | 1.314 [1.031, 1.674] | 0.028 |
Age (Ref = 15~ 24) | ||||
25~ 34 | 0.287 (0.319) | 0.809 | 1.333 [0.713, 2.491] | 0.368 |
35~ 44 | 0.548 (0.371) | 2.178 | 1.730 [0.835, 3.581] | 0.140 |
45~ 54 | 0.327 (0.372) | 0.773 | 1.387 [0.669,2.873] | 0.379 |
> 55 | 0.812 (0.381) | 4.556 | 2.253 [1.069, 4.751] | 0.033 |
Marital status (Ref = Single) | ||||
Married | −0.492 (0.285) | 2.976 | 0.611 [0.349, 1.069] | 0.085 |
Divorced/Widowed | 0.034 (0.375) | 0.008 | 1.035 [0.496, 2.158] | 0.928 |
Employment status (Ref = Formal work) | ||||
Retirement | 0.229 (0.169) | 1.827 | 1.257 [0.902, 1.752] | 0.177 |
Informal work | −0.241 (0.153) | 2.469 | 0.786 [0.582, 1.061] | 0.116 |
Need variables | ||||
Having chronic disease (Ref = No) | 0.615 (0.145) | 18.060 | 1.849 [1.393, 2.455] | 0.000 |
The degree of the symptom in the past month (Ref = Mild) | ||||
Moderate | 0.709 (0.130) | 29.959 | 2.032 [1.576, 2.619] | 0.000 |
Severe | 1.755 (0.236) | 55.430 | 5.786 [3.645, 9.184] | 0.000 |
Self-evaluation general health status (Ref = Good) | ||||
Moderate | −0.405 (0.135) | 9.095 | 0.667 [0.512, 0.868] | 0.003 |
Poor | −0.481 (0.207) | 5.409 | 0.618 [0.412, 0.927] | 0.020 |
Constant | −0.486 (0.256) | 3.602 | 0.692 | 0.037 |