Findings
Background
Subjects and methods
Study participants
Data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
Parameter | Non-smoker (n = 58) | Smoker (n = 58) |
p
|
---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 59 ± 12 | 59 ± 10 | 0.91 |
Sex, male (%) | 50 (86 %) | 50 (86 %) | 1.00 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 26.3 ± 4.4 | 26.2 ± 4.5 | 0.88 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 131 ± 14 | 131 ± 11 | 0.80 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 77 ± 11 | 79 ± 10 | 0.43 |
Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 33 (57 %) | 43 (74 %) | 0.05 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 149 ± 62 | 139 ± 42 | 0.29 |
Hemoglobin A1c, % | 7.2 ± 1.0 | 7.6 ± 1.0 | 0.045* |
Insulin injection, n (%) | 15 (26 %) | 14 (24 %) | 0.83 |
Retinopathy, n (%) | 18 (31 %) | 23 (40 %) | 0.33 |
Neuropathy, n (%) | 24 (41 %) | 36 (62 %) | 0.03* |
Nephropathy, n (%) | 19 (33 %) | 25 (43 %) | 0.25 |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 97 ± 31 | 95 ± 33 | 0.73 |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 60 ± 17 | 55 ± 16 | 0.13 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 114 (73–160) | 125 (91–173) | 0.19 |
Statin drugs, n (%) | 21 (36 %) | 22 (38 %) | 0.85 |
AA, μg/mL | 173 (151–212) | 181 (152–234) | 0.49 |
EPA, μg/mL | 60 (41–96) | 52 (36–86) | 0.28 |
EPA/AA ratio | 0.37 (0.23–0.56) | 0.29 (0.19–0.42) | 0.08 |
Ankle-brachial index | 1.14 ± 0.07 | 1.11 ± 0.09 | 0.07 |
Non-smoker |
p
| Smoker |
p
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | ABI < 1.1 (n = 17) | ABI ≥ 1.1 (n = 41) | ABI < 1.1 (n = 26) | ABI ≥ 1.1 (n = 32) | ||
Age, yr | 56 ± 14 | 60 ± 11 | 0.21 | 58 ± 10 | 60 ± 11 | 0.61 |
Sex, male (%) | 15 (88 %) | 35 (85 %) | 0.77 | 22 (85 %) | 28 (88 %) | 0.75 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 26.5 ± 5.6 | 26.2 ± 3.9 | 0.77 | 25.5 ± 3.8 | 26.7 ± 5.0 | 0.31 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 133 ± 17 | 130 ± 13 | 0.45 | 131 ± 10 | 132 ± 12 | 0.77 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 80 ± 13 | 76 ± 10 | 0.22 | 79 ± 9 | 78 ± 10 | 0.76 |
Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 12 (71 %) | 21 (51 %) | 0.18 | 20 (77 %) | 23 (72 %) | 0.66 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 157 ± 39 | 146 ± 70 | 0.55 | 137 ± 42 | 140 ± 43 | 0.74 |
Hemoglobin A1c, % | 7.7 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 0.8 | 0.01* | 7.6 ± 1.0 | 7.5 ± 1.0 | 0.82 |
Insulin injection, n (%) | 7 (41 %) | 8 (20 %) | 0.09 | 3 (12 %) | 11 (34 %) | 0.06 |
Retinopathy, n (%) | 6 (35 %) | 12 (29 %) | 0.65 | 9 (35 %) | 14 (44 %) | 0.48 |
Neuropathy, n (%) | 10 (59 %) | 14 (34 %) | 0.08 | 10 (38 %) | 15 (47 %) | 0.52 |
Nephropathy, n (%) | 5 (29 %) | 14 (34 %) | 0.73 | 16 (62 %) | 20 (63 %) | 0.94 |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 96 ± 38 | 97 ± 28 | 0.88 | 95 ± 39 | 94 ± 28 | 0.95 |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 61 ± 18 | 59 ± 16 | 0.68 | 52 ± 14 | 57 ± 18 | 0.23 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 127 (79–217) | 107 (69–144) | 0.18 | 139 (116–233) | 118 (83–159) | 0.09 |
Statin drugs, n (%) | 6 (35 %) | 15 (37 %) | 0.93 | 13 (50 %) | 9 (28 %) | 0.09 |
AA, μg/mL | 176 (144–214) | 173 (150–210) | 0.51 | 191 (158–244) | 180 (134–227) | 0.18 |
EPA, μg/mL | 64 (46–114) | 60 (41–97) | 0.26 | 49 (33–69) | 68 (41–96) | 0.07 |
EPA/AA ratio | 0.44 (0.21–0.75) | 0.37 (0.23–0.55) | 0.56 | 0.25 (0.16–0.40) | 0.34 (0.20–0.69) | 0.03* |
Ankle-brachial index | 1.06 ± 0.04 | 1.17 ± 0.05 | <0.01** | 1.03 ± 0.06 | 1.18 ± 0.05 | <0.01** |
Non-smoker | Smoker | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter |
r (p) |
β (p) |
r (p) |
β (p) |
Age, yr | 0.23 (0.09) | NE | 0.06 (0.67) | NE |
Sex, male (%) | 0.14 (0.31) | 0.19 (0.12) | 0.03 (0.81) | NE |
Body mass index, kg/m2
| −0.07 (0.61) | NE | 0.05 (0.70) | NE |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | −0.05 (0.71) | NE | −0.04 (0.78) | NE |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | −0.11 (0.41) | NE | −0.13 (0.35) | NE |
Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | −0.15 (0.27) | NE | −0.10 (0.45) | NE |
Glucose, mg/dL | −0.16 (0.25) | NE | 0.03 (0.85) | NE |
Hemoglobin A1c, (%) | −0.46 (<0.01**) | −0.45 (<0.01**) | 0.01 (0.95) | NE |
Insulin injection, n (%) | −0.21 (0.12) | NE | 0.19 (0.14) | 0.26 (0.06) |
Retinopathy, n (%) | −0.02 (0.91) | NE | −0.08 (0.54) | NE |
Neuropathy, n (%) | −0.18 (0.18) | NE | −0.04 (0.79) | NE |
Nephropathy, n (%) | 0.08 (0.58) | NE | −0.05 (0.73) | NE |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | −0.01 (0.95) | NE | −0.05 (0.72) | NE |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 0.06 (0.67) | NE | 0.22 (0.10) | NE |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | −0.22 (0.11) | −0.16 (0.17) | −0.16 (0.27) | NE |
Statin drugs, n (%) | −0.12 (0.37) | NE | −0.15 (0.26) | −0.31 (0.03*) |
AA, μg/mL | 0.04 (0.78) | – | −0.13 (0.32) | – |
EPA, μg/mL | −0.19 (0.16) | – | 0.28 (0.04*) | – |
EPA/AA ratio | 0.05 (0.73) | NE | 0.31 (0.02*) | 0.41 (<0.01**) |