We investigated the efficiency of the indirect ratio of anti-HBc IgG at predicting HBsAg seroclearance in patients with nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA)-induced HBeAg seroclearance.
Methods
We performed a retrospective study that included 366 chronic hepatitis B patients (March 2007 to December 2016) at a single tertiary hospital. These patients were HBsAg seropositive, and experienced NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance. The indirect ratio of light absorbance of anti-HBc IgG levels were measured with chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay using the Architect Anti-HBc assay (Abbott Laboratories, IL, USA) as a qualitative method prior to antiviral therapy. We calculated the cumulative incidences of HBsAg seroclearance based on the anti-HBc IgG levels.
Results
After a 10-year follow-up, 48 patients experienced HBsAg seroclearance (13.1%). Thirty-three of 179 patients who had an indirect ratio of light absorbance of anti-HBc IgG < 11 RLU (relative light unit) showed HBsAg seroclearance (18.4%); 15 of 187 patients who had an indirect ratio of light absorbance of anti-HBc IgG ≥ 11 RLU showed HBsAg seroclerance (8.0%) (p = 0.003). In multivariate analysis, age, and ALT at the time of HBeAg seroclearance were predictors of HBsAg seroclearance. Especially, the relative risk of HBsAg seroclearance in patients with baseline anti-HBc IgG levels < 11 RLU was 2.213 (95% CI, 1.220–4.014), compared to that in patients with higher levels of anti-HBc IgG at baseline (p = 0.009).
Conclusion
Using an indirect method for anti-HBc IgG levels, baseline anti-HBc IgG levels (< 11RLU), age (≥ 50 years), and ALT (≥ 40 IU/L) might be associated with HBsAg seroclearance in patients with NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance.
Hinweise
Saein Kim and Sunghwan Yoo have contributed equally to this work.
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Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abkürzungen
CHB
Chronic hepatitis B
HBV
Hepatitis B virus
NA
Nucleotide or nucleoside analogue
HCC
Hepatocellular carcinoma
ALT
Alanine aminotransferase
ETV
Entecavir
TDF
Tenofovir
cccDNA
Covalently closed circular DNA
Introduction
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection results in more than 0.6 million deaths, and 350 million chronic HBV infections are reported every year. Patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) can suffer from liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, despite having a healthy life style, and require periodic monitoring and proper treatment [1, 2]. Several antiviral agents have been developed to effectively inhibit the replication of HBV and to reduce the level of HBV DNA in the blood [3]. Although the characteristics of HBV patients treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) that cause HBsAg seroclearance are not known, the cumulative incidence of HBsAg seroclearance is known to increase with a decrease in the baseline HBsAg titer before the initiation of treatment [4, 5]. However the HBsAg titer tests are expensive, and only one test per year is covered by medical insurance in Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to develop highly accurate and inexpensive predictive biomarkers.
Usually, the qualification of HB core antibody (anti-HBc IgG) is always checked during initial screening of CHB. It is also a surrogate indicator of HBV-specific activation of adaptive immune response [6]. Previously published studies have reported that the level of anti-HBc IgG is highly correlated with serum ALT levels [7, 8], and is also associated with HBsAg seroclearance in NA-naïve CHB patients who naturally exhibit seroconversion of HBeAg [4]. However, the level of anti-HBc IgG needs to be validated in patients with NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance. Although it is difficult to quantify anti-HBc IgG levels, qualification can be checked easily and is also less expensive. In this study, we investigated the suitability of using the indirect ratio of anti-HBc IgG as a predictor of HBsAg seroclearance in patients with NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance.
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Patients and Methods
Study Cohort
This is a retrospective cohort study that uses data from a tertiary hospital. Between March 2007 and December 2016, a total of 2524 HBeAg-positive CHB patients were treated with NA (lamivudine, adefovir, telbivudine, entecavir or tenofovir) as a first line or rescue therapy. All of these patients were ≥ 18 years old, and had tested positive for HBsAg and HBeAg for at least 6 months. All these patients were recruited from the Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea. We excluded 30 patients who had undergone previous peginterferon treatment before NA therapy, or were co-infected with hepatitis C virus or human immunodeficiency virus. One hundred thirty-two Patients with other concomitant chronic liver diseases (e.g., alcoholic liver disease and autoimmune hepatitis), 202 patients who displayed decompensated liver cirrhosis (e.g., variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites) before NA therapy, and 152 patients with HCC before and within 1 year after NA therapy in ultrasonography and computerized tomography scanning tests were also excluded. One thousand six hundred forty-two patients with sustained HBeAg positive during antiviral therapy were excluded. Finally, 366 patients (14.5%) exhibited NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance. The enrolled subjects underwent antiviral therapy and exhibited HBeAg seroclearance (Fig. 1) Clinical outcomes, including the development of HCC and HBsAg seroclearance were recorded.
Fig. 1
Flow of study participants
×
The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (1975), was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Gangnam Severance Hospital (3-2019-0348). As this study was retrospective in nature, written consent from the patients was not required.
Patient Monitoring
Follow-up visits for CHB patients were conducted at regular intervals of 6 months. Patients underwent routine liver biochemistry, HBV serology, and ultrasonography tests. Cirrhosis was clinically defined based on the presence of ultrasonographical features, such as small-sized liver, nodular surface, and splenomegaly (> 12 cm) with or without portal hypertension. A diagnosis of decompensated liver cirrhosis was made based on clinical presentations, such as variceal bleeding or hepatic encephalopathy and presence of ascites. The decision to use antiviral therapy was made in accordance with the guidelines for the management of CHB proposed by the Korean Association for the Study of Liver [9]
Laboratory Evaluation
We evaluated the levels of HBsAg, HBeAg, and HBV DNA in the serum using a commercial blood test. We also analyzed the anti-HBc IgG levels, and checked qualitatively prior to initiating antiviral therapy using Architect Anti-HBc assay (Abbott Laboratories, IL, USA). A indirect relationship was shown between the amount of analyte in the sample and the RLUs detected by Architect System optics. Results were calculated as normalized signal cut-off (S/Co) ratios obtained by measuring the signal strength of sample and the signal strength of an internal cut-off. IgG anti-HBc positivity was defined by an S/Co ratio ≥ 1.0. The indirect ratio of light absorbance of anti-HBc IgG levels was measured quantitatively. In previous report, indirect ratio of anti-HBc IgG was correlated to quantified anti-HBc IgG levels [10]. The level of HBV DNA in the serum was quantified using a commercially available real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (COBAS AmpliPrep-COBAS TaqMan HBV test, detection limit = 12 IU/mL; Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). HBV DNA was routinely estimated at intervals of six months.
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Primary Endpoint
The primary endpoint of our study was HBsAg seroclearance. HBsAg seroclearance was defined as at least two negative HBsAg test results, with the last negative HBsAg test being in CHB patients with HBeAg seroclearance undergoing antiviral therapy.
Statistical Analysis
Baseline characteristics were described as numbers (%) and mean with standard deviation. Student’s t-test was used to compare mean age at time of achieving HBeAg seroclearance in each group. Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare sex ratio, presence of liver cirrhosis, detectable HBV DNA, elevated ALT at the time of HBeAg seroclearance, and the type of antiviral agents. Mann‒Whitney U test was used to compare two continuous variables with skewed distribution. Kaplan‒Meier curves were constructed to examine the cumulative incidences of HBsAg seroclearance. The variables that were significant in the univariate analysis were selected to develop a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model for the identification of independent predictors of HBsAg seroclearance. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). p < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Baseline Clinical Characteristics
Baseline clinical characteristics of patients with NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance according to achieving HBsAg seroclearance are shown in Table 1. Among the 366 patients who displayed NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance, 48 showed HBsAg seroclearance (13.1%) and 318 patients showed persistent HBsAg positive (86.9%). The number of male patients in the HBsAg seroclearance group was higher than that of female patients (62.5%), and the mean serum ALT levels were 33.6 IU/mL. The number of male patients in HBsAg positive group was also higher than that of female patients (61.0%), and the mean serum ALT levels were 30.5 IU/mL. There were no significant differences with respect to other serum laboratory tests, child–pugh score, MELD score, and a similar proportion of patients with liver cirrhosis was seen in both groups (45.8% vs. 41.8%, p = 0.600). However, the mean age is higher in HBsAg seroclerance group that in HBsAg positive group (51.5 years vs. 46.6 years, p < 0.001). The number of patients treated with entecavir was higher than that of patients treated with tenofovir in both groups (p = 0.031). The time at which anti-HBc IgG was tested was prior to antiviral treatment. The mean durations between anti-HBc IgG test and HBeAg seroclearance were 31 months and 37 months in HBsAg seroclearance group and HBsAg positive group, respectively (p = 0.182). (Table 1).
Table 1
Baseline characteristics at the time of HBeAg seroclearance according to the occurrence of HBsAg seroclearance
Variables
HBsAg seroclearance
n = 48 (%)
HBsAg positive
n = 318 (%)
p value
Male
30 (62.5)
194 (61.0)
0.843
Age (mean, years)
51.5 ± 8.4
46.6 ± 12.7
< 0.001
ALT (IU/L)
33.6 ± 39.3
30.5 ± 32.8
0.359
HBV DNA (log10 IU/mL)
Not-detected
Not-detected
–
Platelet (× 103/mm3)
175 ± 60.3
173 ± 81.8
0.677
Albumin (g/dL)
3.8 ± 0.4
3.9 ± 0.5
0.572
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)
1.0 ± 1.1
0.9 ± 1.2
0.361
Prothrombin time (INR)
1.1 ± 0.2
1.2 ± 0.2
0.255
Creatinine (mg/dL)
1.2 ± 1.1
1.1 ± 1.4
0.218
Child–Pugh score
5.2 ± 1.5
5.4 ± 1.7
0.159
MELD score
9.2 ± 1.2
9.6 ± 1.4
0.119
Liver cirrhosis, compensated
22 (45.8)
133 (41.8)
0.600
Hepatocellular carcinoma
0 (0)
0 (0)
1.0
Antiviral agent (ETV:TDF)
37:11 (77.1:22.9)
194:124 (61.0:39.0)
0.031
Duration between anti-HBc IgG test to HBeAg seroclearance (months)
31 ± 22
37 ± 29
0.182
ALT Alanine aminotransferase, ETV Entecavir, TDF Tenofovir
According to the level of the serum anti-HBc IgG (< 11 RLU vs. ≥ 11 RLU) as a qualitative method, clinical characteristics are shown in Table 2. There were no significant differences with respect to gender, age, serum laboratory tests, child–pugh score, MELD score, a proportion of patients with liver cirrhosis and HCC. The type and the duration of antiviral therapy were similar in both groups.
Table 2
Clinical characteristics at the time of HBeAg seroclearance according to anti-HBc IgG level
Variables
Anti-HBcIgGa
p value
< 11 RLUb
n = 181 (%)
≥ 11 RLUb
n = 185 (%)
Male
113 (62.4)
111 (60.0)
0.633
Age (mean, years)
48.2 ± 11.6
46.6 ± 12.5
0.202
ALT (IU/L)
32.9 ± 32.7
32.4 ± 35.7
0.446
HBV DNA (log10 IU/mL)
Not-detected
Not-detected
–
Platelet (× 103/mm3)
166 ± 66.4
170 ± 77.3
0.636
Albumin (g/dL)
4.2 ± 0.6
4.2 ± 0.5
0.857
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)
1.1 ± 1.5
0.9 ± 0.6
0.064
Prothrombin time (INR)
1.1 ± 0.8
1.1 ± 0.9
0.475
Creatinine (mg/dL)
1.1 ± 1.4
1.0 ± 0.9
0.087
Child–Pugh score
5.3 ± 1.7
5.3 ± 1.9
0.487
MELD score
9.5 ± 1.7
9.6 ± 1.2
0.677
Liver cirrhosis, compensated
72 (42.1)
83 (42.6)
0.929
Hepatocellular carcinoma
0 (0)
0 (0)
1.0
Antiviral agent (ETV:TDF)
110:71 (60.8:39.2)
121:64 (65.4:34.6)
0.358
Duration between anti-HBc IgG test to HBeAg seroclearance (months)
31 ± 29
37 ± 23
0.053
Duration of antiviral therapy (months)
63 ± 38
62 ± 42
0.636
ALT Alanine aminotransferase, ETV Entecavir, TDF Tenofovir
aAnti-HBc IgG was tested before antiviral treatment
bRLU: relative light unit (upper limit 22 RLU)
Clinical Characteristics According to HBsAg Seroclearance
According to the occurrence of HBsAg seroclearance, the clinical characteristics in patients with NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance are shown in Table 3. In the HBsAg seroclearance group, serum HBV DNA levels were not detected at the time of HBeAg seroclearance. The mean anti-HBc IgG levels were 9.1 RLU (relative light unit) prior to antiviral treatment. In the HBsAg positive group, serum HBV DNA levels were also not detected at the time of HBeAg seroclearance, whereas the mean anti-HBc IgG levels were 10.2 RLU prior to antiviral treatment. In the HBsAg seroclearance group, the anti-HBc IgG levels in 33 patients (68.8%) were < 11 RLU. HBsAg seroclearance was not observed when anti-HBc IgG levels ≥ 16 RLU. However, in the HBsAg positive group, the anti-HBc IgG levels in 172 patients (54.1%) were ≥ 11 RLU (p = 0.003).
Table 3
Clinical characteristics of patients with NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance according to the occurrence of HBsAg seroclearance
Variables
HBsAg seroclearance
n = 48 (%)
HBsAg positive
n = 318 (%)
p value
HBV DNAa (log10 IU/mL)
Not detected
Not detected
–
Anti-HBc IgG (RLU)b
9.1 ± 4.2
10.2 ± 4.7
0.114
< 6
9 (18.8)
49 (15.4)
0.003c
6 to 11
24 (50.0)
97 (30.5)
11 to 16
15 (31.2)
152 (47.8)
≥ 16
0 (0)
20 (6.3)
Duration of antiviral therapy (months)
69.4 ± 47.7
58.3 ± 36.5
0.095
aHBV DNA was tested at the time of HBeAg seroclearance
bAnti-HBc IgG (RLU) was tested prior to antiviral treatment; RLU: relative light unit (upper limit 22 RLU)
cChi-square test was used to compare anti-HBcIgG < 11 RLU ratio between HBsAg seroclearance group and HBsAg positive group
Cumulative Incidence of HBsAg Seroclearance According to the Anti-HBc IgG Level
The mean duration between anti-HBc IgG test and HBsAg seroclearance was 87 months. The mean duration between HBeAg seroclearance and the occurrence of HBsAg seroclearance was 69 months. Mean duration of antiviral therapy in HBsAg seroclearance group and in HBsAg positive groups was 69 months and 58 months, respectively. There was no significant relation between the antiviral treatment duration and the occurrence of HBsAg seroclerance (p = 0.095) (Table 3).
The cumulative incidence of HBsAg seroclearance after NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance was 32.9% for the duration of 10 years (Fig. 2). When we divided the anti-HBc IgG level by 11 RLU, the cumulative incidence of HBsAg seroclearance reduced by approximately 40% for less than 11 RLU and lowered to 25% above 11 RLU (Fig. 3, p = 0.054).
Fig. 2
Cumulative incidence of HBsAg seroclearance after NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance. Cumulative incidence of HBsAg seroclearance after NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance was 32.9% for the duration of 10 years
Fig. 3
Cumulative incidence of HBsAg seroclearance according to the anti-HBc IgG level. Cumulative incidence of HBsAg seroclearance reduced by approximately 40% for less than 11 RLU and lowered to 25% above 11 RLU
×
×
Regression Analysis for Predictors of HBsAg Seroclearance (Multivariate Analysis)
In patients with NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance (Table 4), the odds ratio of age was 1.032 (Confidential interval (CI): 1.007–1.057, p = 0.012), serum ALT was 1.008 (CI: 1.001 to 1.015, p = 0.020), and serum anti-HBc IgG level was 0.957 (CI: 0.902 to 1.015, p = 0.141) as continuous variables. When age (< 50 years vs. ≥ 50 years) and serum ALT (< 40 IU/L vs. ≥ 40 IU/L), and anti-HBc IgG level (≥ 11 RLU vs. < 11 RLU) were divided as categorical variables, the odds ratios were 3.925 (CI: 1.702–9.054, p = 0.001), 2.739 (CI: 1.455 to 5.155, p = 0.002), and 2.213 (CI: 1.220 to 4.014, p = 0.009), respectively.
Table 4
Regression analysis for predictors of HBsAg seroclearance in patients with NA induced HBeAg seroclearance
Variables
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
HR (95% CI)a
p value
HR (95% CI)a
p value
Age (years)
< 50
Reference
Reference
≥ 50
3.069 (1.506–6.254)
0.002
3.925 (1.702–9.054)
0.001
Gender
Female
Reference
Reference
Male
1.136 (0.058–2.224)
0.709
1.087 (0.591–1.997)
0.789
ALT (IU/L)
< 40
Reference
Reference
≥ 40
2.853 (1.519–5.360)
0.001
2.739 (1.455–5.155)
0.002
HBV DNAb (log10 IU/mL)
–
–
–
–
Platelet (× 103/mm3)
0.999 (0.994–1.002)
0.829
Albumin (g/dL)
0.829 (0.688–1.288)
0.732
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)
1.104 (0.824–1.479)
0.506
Prothrombin time (INR)
0.986 (0.896–1.012)
0.874
Creatinine (mg/dL)
1.072 (0.916–4.138)
0.387
Child–Pugh score
1,617 (0.746–4.267)
0.658
MELD score
1.512 (0.852–3.212)
0.483
Liver cirrhosis, compensated
No
Reference
Reference
Yes
1.988 (0.955–4.138)
0.066
1.383 (0.751–2.545)
0.298
Anti-HBc IgG (RLU)c
< 11
2.478 (1.268–4.843)
0.008
2.213 (1.220–4.014)
0.009
≥ 11
Reference
Reference
Total follow-up durationd (months)
1.006 (0.998–1.015)
0.142
ALT Alanine aminotransferase, ETV Entecavir, TDF Tenofovir, RLU Relative light unit
aHR, Hazard ratio; CI, Confidential index
bHBV DNA; serum HBV DNA level was not detected in both group at the time of HBeAg seroclearance (baseline)
cRLU: relative light unit (upper limit 22 RLU)
dTotal follow-up duration; the duration between the time of HBeAg seroclearance and last follow-up
Discussion
Conventionally, the goal of therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients is viral suppression [9, 11, 12]. This outcome ameliorates hepatic inflammation as well as fibrosis, and reduces the occurrence of HCC [13, 14]. To achieve this goal, antiviral agents aimed at suppressing the replication of HBV DNA have been developed. HBsAg seroclearance with sustained HBV DNA suppression is regarded as the optimal treatment endpoint, called ‘functional cure’ [9]. However, the capacity of current NA treatments to achieve functional cure is limited [15], primarily due to the ability of HBV to survive in the form of cccDNA in infected hepatocytes [13]. In our data, HBsAg seroclearance was observed in only 16% of the patients despite the presence of HBeAg seroclearance. Furthermore, not much is known about the predictors of HBsAg seroclearance before the initiation of NA treatment. In previous studies, the cumulative incidence of HBsAg seroclearance was higher when baseline HBsAg titer was lower before treatment [4]. As HBsAg titer test is costly, the development of accurate predictive biomarkers of functional cure is necessary.
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In multivariate analysis, age serum ALT and anti-HBc IgG were predictors of HBsAg seroclearance. Our data suggest that old age (≥ 50 years), elevated ALT (≥ 40 IU/L) at the time of NA induced HBeAg seroclearance, and low anti-HBc IgG level (< 11 RLU) prior to antiviral therapy have high probability of NA induced HBsAg seroclearance. In previous study, age ≥ 60 years old, and serum ALT ≥ 45 IU/L were predictors of spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance in HBeAg-sereonegative individuals [4]. However, gender is not a predictor in our study unlike previous study.
Qualitative anti-HBc IgG assay is used to determine the presence of current or past HBV infections in an individual [16]. In a recent study [4], anti-HBc IgG levels have been shown to be associated with HBsAg and HBV DNA in NA-naïve CHB patients who showed natural seroconversion of HBeAg. Additionally, anti-HBc IgG levels were also higher in HBeAg seropositive patients when compared with those seen in HBeAg seroclearance patients, who showed undetectable HBV DNA and HBsAg seroclearance.
Although baseline anti-HBc IgG levels were checked by qualification methods, multivariate analysis (Table 4) shows the odds ratio of 2.213, when the anti-HBc IgG level is less than 11 RLU as a predictor of HBsAg seroclearance among patients with NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance. The HBV core antigen (HBcAg) can stimulate humoral and cellular immune responses [17], and CHB patients show late, transient, or narrowly focused T-cell responses [18]. Therefore, anti-HBc IgG serves as a surrogate indicator for both the HBV-specific adaptive immune activation and the intrahepatic viral antigen load [4]. In our study, the percentage of HBsAg seroclearance was relatively high at 68.8%, when anti-HBc IgG levels were less than 11 RLU, and no HBsAg seroclearance was observed when the anti-HBc IgG levels exceeded 16 RLU (Table 3). Therefore, the low anti-HBc IgG levels could serve as a predictor of HBsAg seroclearance in CHB patients treated with NA.
Entecavir treatment showed significantly higher HBsAg seroclearance when compared with that of tenofovir (p = 0.031, Table 1), possibly due to the difference between treatment durations of entecavir and tenofovir (79 months versus 34 months). In Korea, entecavir and tenofovir were introduced in 2007 and 2012, respectively. Therefore, in the absence of randomized, controlled study, we could not compare the effectivity for HBsAg seroclearance of these two drug treatments [19].
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Our study also has some limitations. First, it relies on qualitative methods instead of quantitative methods. We were only able to test the baseline anti-HBc IgG levels in CHB patients. We believe that studying the changes in anti-HBc IgG levels during treatment could reveal interesting observations. We did not analyze HBsAg titer. The HBsAg quantification is also an important contributing factor for functional cure. However, it was not covered by medical insurance system at the time of patients’ enrollment in Korea. Second, Korea has a high prevalence of the alcohol-related liver disease. Because it is a retrospective study, a selection bias can occur that does not exclude patients with the absence of alcohol history in the medical record. Third, at the time when HBeAg loss or seroconversion occurred, there were no patients with HBeAg loss and HBsAg loss simultaneously. HBsAg test is not checked regularly in real clinical practice, but at the time of HBeAg loss in HBeAg positive patients, and once a year in HBeAg negative patients with undetectable HBV DNA. Unfortunately, the HBsAg test was done arbitrarily in intervals in quite a few patients who take oral NA due to retrospective studies. Fourth, if a serum anti-HBc IgG test had been performed at the time of NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance, it would have been a better study. However, almost all patients performed serum anti-HBc IgG test prior to antiviral therapy. Lastly, this study was based on data obtained from a single center. Therefore, these results need to be validated in multiple cohorts.
In conclusion, even if current anti-HBc IgG qualification test is the indirect method, anti-HBc level < 11 RLU might be associated with HBsAg seroclearance in patients with NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance. We hope that our results can help physicians in predicting HBsAg seroclearance in patients with NA-induced HBeAg seroclearance as like naturally developed HBsAg seroclearance. Our results need to be validated using a new quantitative anti-HBc IgG technique. Additionally, combining the model on quantitative HBsAg, anti-HBc IgG, HBV DNA, and host factors (age and ALT) may predict functional cure.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
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