Background
Materials and methods
Study design and setting
Collection of samples
Isolate confirmation
Minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics against S. Typhi
Molecular identification of XDR S. Typhi genes
Gene | Forward primers (5' - 3') | Reverse primers (5' - 3') |
---|---|---|
pltB | TAAACCATGATAGACTGG | GAAAGTTACGGTTATACC |
blaCTX-15 | GATGTGCAGCACCAGTAAAG | AACGATATCGCGGTGATCT |
Sul1 | GTATTGCGCCGCTCTTAGAC | AGGGTTTCCGAGAAGGTGAT |
blaTEM-1 | AACCCTGGTAAATGCTTC | GTATATATGAGTAAACTTGG |
qnrS | TATAATGGTAGTCTAGCCC | GATGTGTGATTTTAAACG |
qnrA | CTTTGAATCCGGGATACAG | TTCCATAGACAAGAAAAAGG |
qnrB | GAAAAGGGTAAAATAACGG | CATCATGATGCCCTGGCCAG |
Collection of indigenous honeys
Agar well diffusion assay of honeys
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration of honeys
Determination of minimum bactericidal concentration of honeys
Results
Antimicrobial susceptibility of XDR S. Typhi
S. Typhi isolates | MIC breakpoint of antibiotics | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMP ≤ 8 to ≥ 32 | SXT ≤ 2/38 to ≥ 4/76 | CIP ≤ 1 to ≥ 4 | CRO ≤ 1 to ≥ 4 | AZM ≤ 16 to ≥ 32 | IPM ≤ 1 to ≥ 4 | MEM ≤ 1 to ≥ 4 | |
ST-1 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | 32 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
ST-2 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | ≥ 64 | 4 | 0.25 | 0.5 |
ST-3 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | ≥ 4 | 4 | 0.5 | 0.25 |
ST-4 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | 16 | 4 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
ST-5 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | 16 | 2 | 0.25 | 0.5 |
ST-6 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | ≥ 4 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
ST-7 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | ≥ 4 | 8 | 0.25 | 0.5 |
ST-8 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | ≥ 4 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
ST-9 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | ≥ 64 | 2 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
ST-10 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | 16 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
ST-11 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | 8 | 4 | 0.25 | 0.5 |
ST-12 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | 8 | 4 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
ST-13 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | 8 | 2 | 0.25 | 0.5 |
ST-14 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | ≥ 64 | 8 | 25 | 25 |
ST-15 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | ≥ 4 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
ST-16 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | 16 | 4 | 0.5 | 0.25 |
ST-17 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | 32 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
ST-18 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | ≥ 4 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
ST-19 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | ≥ 4 | 4 | 0.25 | 0.5 |
ST-20 | ≥ 32 | ≥ 4/76 | ≥ 4 | ≥ 4 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Molecular confirmation of XDR S. Typhi
Isolates | blaTEM-1 | Sul1 | qnrA | qnrB | qnrS | pltB | blaCTX-M-15 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ST-1 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-2 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-3 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-4 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-5 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-6 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-7 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-8 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-9 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-10 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-11 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-12 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-13 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-14 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-15 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-16 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-17 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-18 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-19 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ST-20 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Agar well diffusion assay for XDR S. Typhi
XDR S. Typhi isolates | Beri honey | Neem honey | Sidr honey | Orange honey | Mustard honey |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ST-1 | 10 ± 2.0 | 11 ± 2.3 | 8 ± 2.0 | 6 ± 2.0 | 5 ± 1.9 |
ST-2 | 14 ± 2.7 | 10 ± 2.3 | 8 ± 1.9 | 10 ± 2.7 | 6 ± 2.4 |
ST-3 | 15 ± 2.0 | 9 ± 1.3 | 8 ± 1.9 | 6 ± 2.4 | 6 ± 2.4 |
ST-4 | 9 ± 1.3 | 12 ± 2.1 | 7 ± 1.7 | 5 ± 1.9 | 5 ± 1.9 |
ST-5 | 14 ± 2.0 | 10 ± 2.2 | 12 ± 1.0 | 9 ± 2.5 | 6 ± 2.2 |
ST-6 | 8 ± 1.6 | 7 ± 1.9 | 8 ± 1.7 | 7 ± 2.4 | 5 ± 2.0 |
ST-7 | 12 ± 1.2 | 10 ± 2.1 | 12 ± 2.2 | 7 ± 2.3 | 5 ± 2.0 |
ST-8 | 10 ± 1.7 | 6 ± 2.3 | 9 ± 2.2 | 7 ± 2.0 | 5 ± 2.0 |
ST-9 | 7 ± 2.1 | 10 ± 2.4 | 10 ± 1.9 | 7 ± 1.7 | 7 ± 1.7 |
ST-10 | 8 ± 2.1 | 7 ± 2.2 | 8 ± 2.0 | 8 ± 2.1 | 7 ± 1.9 |
ST-11 | 13 ± 2.0 | 11 ± 2.3 | 11 ± 2.0 | 8 ± 2.0 | 5 ± 1.8 |
ST-12 | 12 ± 2.7 | 9 ± 2.3 | 9 ± 1.9 | 8 ± 2.7 | 5 ± 1.8 |
ST-13 | 10 ± 2.0 | 9 ± 2.2 | 7 ± 1.9 | 8 ± 2.4 | 7 ± 2.0 |
ST-14 | 9 ± 1.3 | 12 ± 2.1 | 7 ± 1.7 | 9 ± 1.9 | 6 ± 1.9 |
ST-15 | 9 ± 1.3 | 8 ± 2.2 | 11 ± 1.0 | 8 ± 2.5 | 5 ± 1.5 |
ST-16 | 10 ± 1.6 | 8 ± 1.9 | 7 ± 1.7 | 8 ± 2.4 | 6 ± 1.9 |
ST-17 | 12 ± 1.2 | 10 ± 2.1 | 12 ± 2.2 | 9 ± 2.3 | 5 ± 2.5 |
ST-18 | 10 ± 1.7 | 7 ± 2.3 | 4 ± 2.2 | 8 ± 2.0 | 6 ± 1.8 |
ST-19 | 7 ± 2.1 | 7 ± 2.4 | 10 ± 1.9 | 6 ± 2.4 | 5 ± 1.7 |
ST-20 | 11 ± 2.1 | 8 ± 2.2 | 3 ± 2.0 | 7 ± 2.1 | 6 ± 2.0 |
MICs of indigenous honeys against XDR S. Typhi isolates
XDR S. Typhi isolates | Beri honey | Neem honey | Sidr honey | Orange honey | Mustard honey | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | |
ST-1 | 12.5 | 25 | 25 | 50 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 25 | 25 | 50 |
ST-2 | 12.5 | 25 | 25 | 50 | 25 | 50 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 25 |
ST-3 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 25 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 25 | 50 |
ST-4 | 12.5 | 25 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 3.125 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 12.5 |
ST-5 | 3.125 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 25 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 6.25 | 12.5 |
ST-6 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 25 | 50 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 25 | 50 |
ST-7 | 3.125 | 6.25 | 25 | 50 | 3.125 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 25 | 6.25 | 12.5 |
ST-8 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 25 | 12.5 | 25 |
ST-9 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 3.125 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 25 | 50 |
ST-10 | 12.5 | 25 | 12.5 | 25 | 25 | 50 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 25 |
ST-11 | 12.5 | 25 | 25 | 50 | 25 | 50 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 25 | 50 |
ST-12 | 12.5 | 25 | 12.5 | 25 | 25 | 50 | 12.5 | 25 | 25 | 50 |
ST-13 | 25 | 50 | 12.5 | 25 | 3.125 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 25 | 50 |
ST-14 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 25 | 25 | 50 | 12.5 | 25 |
ST-15 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 25 | 50 | 25 | 50 |
ST-16 | 3.125 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 25 |
ST-17 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 25 | 50 | 12.5 | 25 | 12.5 | 25 | 6.25 | 12.5 |
ST-18 | 12.5 | 25 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 3.125 | 6.25 | 25 | 50 |
ST-19 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 3.125 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 25 | 12.5 | 25 |
ST-20 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 3.125 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 25 | 6.25 | 12.5 | 25 | 50 |