Background
Methods
Chemicals
Plant materials
Preparation of aqueous parsley extract
Preparation of aqueous basil extract
Preparation of aqueous chicory extract
Identification of flavonoids in extracts by HPLC analysis
Identification of saccharides in extracts by HPLC analysis
Animal groups
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Group 1: served as normal control.
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Group 2: was given dexamethasone subcutaneously at 0.1 mg/kg b. wt./day dissolved in saline [ 19] and is considered as a control for groups 3, 4 & 5.
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Group 3: received 0.1 mg/kg. b. wt. of dexamethasone together with 2 g/kg b. wt. of Petroselinum crispum leaves aqueous extract [15].
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Group 4: received 0.1 mg/kg. b. wt. of dexamethasone together with 400 mg/kg b. wt. of Ocimum basilicum leaves aqueous extract [20].
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Group 5: received 0.1 mg/kg. b. wt. of dexamethasone together with 100 mg/kg b. wt. of Cichorium intybus L. leaves aqueous extract [21].
Biochemical assay
Bone mineral density and bone mineral content assay
Bone oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes assay
Histopathological examination of bone
Statistical analysis
Results
Groups | Normal | Dex. | Dex. + parsley | Dex. + basil | Dex. + chicory | PANOVA
| LSD at 5 % | LSD at 1 % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | ||||||||
E2 (Pg/ml) | 32.3 ± 6.45a
| 17.4 ± 0.86c
| 26.4 ± 2.31b
| 26.4 ± 0.38b
| 23.1 ± 0.73b
|
P < 0.001 | 3.699 | 5.006 |
PTH (Pg/ml) | 8.36 ± 1.19d
| 17.4 ± 2.56a
| 14.0 ± 1.71b
| 15.6 ± 0.87ab
| 11.7 ± 0.91c
|
P < 0.001 | 1.882 | 2.546 |
Ca (mg/dl) | 9.94 ± 1.14a
| 5.49 ± 0.38c
| 7.05 ± 0.63b
| 6.69 ± 0.83b
| 6.66 ± 0.62b
|
P < 0.001 | 0.908 | 1.228 |
P (mg/dl) | 8.82 ± 0.39a
| 5.63 ± 0.46c
| 7.42 ± 1.07b
| 6.88 ± 0.69b
| 7.46 ± 0.81b
|
P < 0.001 | 0.851 | 1.152 |
ALP (IU/L) | 199 ± 30.9b
| 393 ± 17.7a
| 202 ± 14.3b
| 203 ± 14.6b
| 210 ± 31.0b
|
P < 0.001 | 27.38 | 37.05 |
ACP (IU/L) | 11.6 ± 2.16d
| 23.7 ± 1.62a
| 17.6 ± 2.93b
| 13.9 ± 1.62cd
| 16.5 ± 2.89bc
|
P < 0.001 | 2.758 | 3.731 |
Groups | Normal | Dex. | Dex. + parsley | Dex. + basil | Dex. + chicory | PANOVA
| LSD at 5 % | LSD at 1 % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | ||||||||
Ca (mg/g T) | 15.9 ± 1.15a
| 10.2 ± 1.03d
| 15.5 ± 0.55ab
| 14.4 ± 0.93b
| 12.8 ± 0.75c
|
P < 0.001 | 1.081 | 1.463 |
P (mg/g T) | 15.7 ± 0.49a
| 7.02 ± 0.16d
| 7.22 ± 0.47d
| 9.77 ± 0.91c
| 14.2 ± 0.72b
|
P < 0.001 | 0.716 | 0.969 |
ALP (IU/g T) | 1186 ± 193d
| 2008 ± 89.2a
| 1396 ± 119b
| 1323 ± 94.9cd
| 1365 ± 142b
|
P < 0.001 | 157.9 | 213.6 |
ACP (IU/g T) | 194 .1 ± 1.6b
| 213.1 ± 6.14a
| 197.6 ± 4.84b
| 195.9 ± 3.29b
| 195.1 ± 6.04b
|
P < 0.001 | 5.612 | 7.593 |
Groups | Normal | Dex. | Dex. + parsley | Dex. + basil | Dex. + chicory | PANOVA
| LSD at 5 % | LSD at 1 % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | ||||||||
Total BMD (mg/cm2) | 60.5 ± 7.85a
| 38.7 ± 2.64c
| 50.9 ± 7.26b
| 51.5 ± 1.70b
| 55.5 ± 3.24bc
|
P < 0.001 | 6.176 | 8.355 |
Prox. BMD (mg/cm2) | 55.8 ± 8.91a
| 43.9 ± 3.77c
| 52.2 ± 3.22ab
| 49.5 ± 2.12bc
| 52.7 ± 3.55ab
|
P < 0.001 | 5.853 | 7.919 |
Mid. BMD (mg/cm2) | 69.0 ± 8.63a
| 38.2 ± 3.64d
| 61.7 ± 2.34b
| 54.7 ± 5.02c
| 54.9 ± 3.05c
|
P < 0.001 | 6.014 | 8.136 |
Dist. BMD (mg/cm2) | 52.6 ± 6.63a
| 47.5 ± 6.61a
| 51.7 ± 4.79a
| 49.3 ± 3.86a
| 50.4 ± 4.13a
|
P > 0.05 | - | - |
Total BMC (mg) | 83.0 ± 7.25a
| 28.5 ± 5.15d
| 50.4 ± 5.76c
| 60.8 ± 8.29b
| 55.0 ± 1.73bc
|
P < 0.001 | 7.271 | 9.837 |
Prox. BMC (mg) | 43.6 ± 7.32a
| 12.4 ± 1.52c
| 27.3 ± 3.47b
| 24.5 ± 3.01b
| 25.0 ± 4.63d
|
P < 0.001 | 5.277 | 7.139 |
Mid. BMC (mg) | 25.6 ± 4.17a
| 8.05 ± 1.33d
| 12.3 ± 1.56c
| 18.4 ± 3.19b
| 10.6 ± 0.78cd
|
P < 0.001 | 3.027 | 4.096 |
Dist. BMC (mg) | 26.1 ± 2.87a
| 13.6 ± 2.49c
| 21.2 ± 1.03b
| 24.0 ± 2.47a
| 24.3 ± 0.87a
|
P < 0.001 | 2.541 | 3.401 |
Groups | Normal | Dex. | Dex. + parsley | Dex. + basil | Dex. + chicory | PANOVA
| LSD at 5 % | LSD at 1 % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | ||||||||
TBARS (nmol/g T) | 18.1 ± 2.38c
| 56.3 ± 8.03a
| 32.1 ± 3.96b
| 30.4 ± 4.97b
| 23.5 ± 3.61c
|
P < 0.001 | 5.912 | 7.998 |
GSH (mg/g T) | 6.76 ± 1.21a
| 2.37 ± 0.33c
| 2.96 ± 0.53bc
| 2.61 ± 0.54bc
| 3.49 ± 0.96b
|
P < 0.001 | 0.931 | 1.260 |
GST (U/g T) | 2155 ± 254a
| 1277 ± 44.7d
| 1533 ± 59.2c
| 1648 ± 77.2bc
| 1741 ± 131b
|
P < 0.01 | 162.2 | 219.4 |
GPx (U/g T) | 109 ± 21.7a
| 69.9 ± 7.58b
| 102 ± 11.5a
| 103 ± 16.5a
| 99.0 ± 13.8a
|
P < 0.01 | 18.08 | 24.46 |
GR (U/g T) | 457 ± 67.9a
| 272 ± 70.7b
| 341 ± 88.6b
| 320 ± 55.9b
| 340 ± 91.2b
|
P < 0.01 | 90.40 | 122.3 |
Cat (U/g T) | 0.97 ± 0.11a
| 0.32 ± 0.06c
| 0.37 ± 0.05c
| 0.59 ± 0.09b
| 0.88 ± 0.08a
|
P < 0.001 | 0.099 | 0.134 |