Introduction
Definitions | |
---|---|
Messenger | Who communicates the information |
Incentive | Response to incentives can depend on how they are presented |
Norms | People are influenced by what others do |
Default | Preset options will be activated unless an active choice occurs |
Salience | Attention is drawn to something novel or that seems relevant to the target population |
Priming | Exposure to subconscious cues may influence people’s performance or choice on a subsequent task |
Affect | Emotional associations that shape actions |
Commitment | Consistency with public promises and reciprocate acts |
Ego | Acting in ways to make one feel better about themselves |
Methods
Search Strategy
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Screening and Data Extraction
Data Analysis
Results
n | % | |
---|---|---|
Country income level (N = 124) | ||
High | 54 | 43.5 |
Middle | 47 | 37.9 |
Low | 21 | 16.9 |
Populations targeted in HIV prevention studies (N = 63) | ||
Female sex workers | 2 | 3.2 |
Men who have sex with men | 12 | 19.0 |
Transgender women* | 4 | 6.3 |
Substance users | 5 | 7.9 |
Children and young adults** | 10 | 15.9 |
Mothers/pregnant women | 5 | 7.9 |
General population | 36 | 57.1 |
Populations targeted in HIV management studies (N = 63) | ||
Female sex workers | 1 | 1.6 |
Men who have sex with men | 4 | 6.3 |
Transgender women* | 1 | 1.6 |
Substance users | 8 | 12.7 |
Children and young adults** | 9 | 14.3 |
Mothers/pregnant women | 2 | 3.2 |
General population | 41 | 65.1 |
MINDSPACE | ||
Messenger | 59 | 47.6 |
Incentive | 100 | 80.6 |
Norms | 17 | 13.7 |
Default | 10 | 8.1 |
Salience | 48 | 38.7 |
Priming | 13 | 10.5 |
Affect | 14 | 11.3 |
Commitment | 50 | 40.3 |
Ego | 34 | 27.4 |
MINDSPACE Effects
Examples | References | |
---|---|---|
Messenger | ||
HIV prevention | Peer groups and/or mentoring in HIV prevention methods | |
Clinical staff, case managers, and community HIV programmes to facilitate HIV prevention | ||
Respected medical establishment to facilitate HIV prevention | ||
HIV management | Case managers to facilitate recruitment into the program and HIV care | |
Hospitals and well known/respected sites to improve adherence to treatment and care | ||
Incentives | ||
HIV prevention | Lottery-based incentives for HIV prevention | |
Loss framing to promote HIV testing | ||
Matched savings accounts, deposit contracts, or micro-enterprise tools used to minimise HIV risk behaviours | ||
Incentives to reinforce HIV prevention education | ||
Financial incentives for peer and community-based recruiters to encourage HIV testing or VMMC | ||
Cash payment to encourage HIV testing | ||
Financial incentive to take PrEP | [95] | |
Cash payment to remain HIV negative | ||
Travel costs reimbursement to engage in HIV prevention | ||
Non-cash incentives such as personal hygiene products, t-shirts, smartphone credits, gift cards, or food to engage in HIV prevention | ||
HIV management | Financial incentives to reduce HIV viral load or maintain viral load suppression | |
Lottery-based incentives contingent on maintaining viral suppression | ||
Loss framed whereby incentive was reset if viral load goals were not met | [57] | |
Incentives to attend routine HIV management appointments | ||
Financial incentive for initiating ART/improving adherence | ||
Savings account for ART adherence | [66] | |
Financial incentive contingent on non-reactive stimulant sample | [120] | |
Non-financial incentives: Mobile phone, data or minutes and other electronic devices for ART initiation, reduction of viral load, linkage, and retention in HIV care Food vouchers to improve adherence to treatment and retention in HIV care Culturally meaningful pillboxes to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy and retention in care | [128] | |
Norms | ||
HIV prevention | Gender norms to encourage HIV testing and facilitate education | |
Social norms related to HIV prevention, including HIV testing and learning HIV results | ||
Social norms and gender norms to describe transactional sexual relationships and minimise HIV risk | [31] | |
Subjective norms and workplace HIV counselling and testing | [132] | |
HIV management | Social norms to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy and retention in care | |
Gender norms and barriers to HIV management | [67] | |
Health seeking norms to improve viral suppression | [53] | |
Default | ||
HIV prevention | Opt-out HIV screening | |
Opt-in, opt-out, and active choice HIV screening | ||
Cost-effectiveness of opt-in/out from a hospital perspective | [94] | |
Salience | ||
HIV prevention | Text-based messaging to facilitate HIV prevention and linkage to care | |
Incentive-based HIV prevention and retention in care | ||
Respected messenger to increase engagement in HIV prevention, with/out financial incentives | ||
Culturally relevant and gender-specific messaging to engage in HIV prevention | ||
Loss framed lottery intervention to encourage dual contraception methods to prevent HIV infection | [86] | |
HIV management | Text messages to support linkage to care/medication adherence | |
Lotteries and motivational SMS messages to encourage ART linkage/adherence/viral suppression | ||
Computer-based HIV education/motivational modules or mindfulness exercises to reduce HIV viral load | ||
Salience increased via incentives for ART initiation, viral suppression, or retention to services | ||
Appointment/ART medication reminders | ||
Priming | ||
HIV prevention | Use of images of peers in campaigns to encourage HIV testing | [139] |
Contact details of local VCT clinics in banner ads on gay websites | [140] | |
Use of prompt to encourage attending HIV testing clinic | [141] | |
Daily phone-based PrEP and HIV education modules as well text reminders to take PrEP medication | [142] | |
HIV management | Use of priming stimuli that is empowering or culturally meaningful to improve adherence to ART and retention in care | |
Use of financial rewards as priming to improve adherence to ART and to suppress viral load count | ||
Providing safe sex materials as priming to practice safe sex to prevent HIV transmission | [146] | |
Personalised cues and reminder messages for remembering dose times to support ART adherence | ||
Affect | ||
HIV prevention | Creating positive emotion for HIV testing or accessing HIV services | |
Peer-led group sessions to learn skills for self-efficacy and positive sexual health behaviours | [31] | |
Increasing risk perception towards HIV to encourage HIV prevention behaviours | ||
HIV management | Creating positive emotion for HIV care retention and ART adherence through social, financial, or non-financial support | |
Group sessions targeting positive affect to increase skills for self-efficacy to encourage ART adherence and viral load suppression | ||
Motivational messages to encourage ART adherence | ||
Commitment | ||
HIV prevention | Use of binding contracts with financial deposits to encourage HIV testing or clinic visits | |
Use of non-binding/ soft contracts that target the cognitive dissonance aspect to encourage HIV testing and clinic visits | ||
Use of non-explicit commitment devices, such as rewards, for meeting a specified HIV prevention health behaviour in the future (e.g. maintaining HIV negative status) | ||
HIV management | Use of non-explicit commitment devices in the form of financial incentives for ART adherence and viral load suppression goal in the future | |
Use of non-explicit commitment devices in the form of financial incentives to meet HIV testing, linkage to HIV care and clinic attendance goal in the future | ||
Use of non-explicit commitment devices in the form of non-financial incentives for ART adherence and viral load suppression goal in the future | ||
Use of non-explicit commitment devices in the form of non-financial incentives to meet HIV testing, linkage to HIV care and clinic attendance goal in the future | ||
Ego | ||
HIV prevention | HIV education sessions alongside financial education programmes to target ego and self-efficacy | |
HIV education sessions and peer support to target ego and increase HIV risk perception | ||
Economic intervention to target ego and promote HIV prevention behaviours | ||
Peer support and positive messaging to target ego and encourage HIV prevention behaviours | ||
HIV management | HIV education or personalised HIV support to encourage HIV linkage and care | |
Financial intervention to target ego and encourage viral load suppression | ||
Positive messaging, reminders, or motivational interviewing to target ego and encourage viral load suppression |