Background
Methods
Ethical consideration
Study design and participants
Anthropometric measurements
Blood tests
Demographics and other questionnaire-based variables
History of previous medical check-up or screening
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of participants
Characteristics | Abbi [n(%)] | Kwale [n(%)] | Lagos [n(%)] |
---|---|---|---|
Gender
| |||
Male | 56 (38.6) | 51 (28.2) | 42 (43.8) |
Female | 89 (61.4) | 130 (71.8) | 54 (56.3) |
Total | 145 (34.4) | 181 (42.9) | 96 (22.7) |
Age group
| |||
18-24 | 34 (23.8) | 106 (58.6) | 11 (11.7) |
25-34 | 10 (7.0) | 21 (11.6) | 8 (8.5) |
35-44 | 17 (11.9) | 19 (10.5) | 25 (26.6) |
45-54 | 15 (10.5) | 27 (14.9) | 27 (28.7) |
55-64 | 11 (7.7) | 8 (4.4) | 17 (18.1) |
65-74 | 17 (11.9) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.3) |
≥75 | 39 (27.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.1) |
Missing variables
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
Education completed
| |||
No formal school | 43 (29.7) | 6 (3.4) | 1 (1.0) |
Less than primary school | 4 (2.8) | 2 (1.1) | 4 (4.2) |
Primary school | 68 (46.9) | 95 (53.1) | 35 (36.5) |
Secondary school | 19 (13.1) | 46 (25.7) | 36 (37.5) |
University | 10 (6.9) | 24 (13.4) | 17 (17.7) |
Postgraduate | 0 (0.0) | 6 (3.4) | 3 (3.1) |
Refused | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0.0) |
Missing variables
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
Work status
| |||
Government employee | 7 (4.8) | 28 (15.6) | 2 (2.1) |
Non-government employee | 3 (2.1) | 1 (0.6) | 17 (17.7) |
Self-employed | 23 (15.9) | 24 (13.3) | 58 (60.4) |
Non-paid | 58 (40.0) | 14 (7.8) | 0 (0.0) |
Student | 31 (21.4) | 106 (58.9) | 7 (7.3) |
Homemaker | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.1) |
Retired | 6 (4.1) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (5.2) |
Unemployed (able to work) | 6 (4.1) | 6 (3.3) | 4 (4.2) |
Unemployed (unable to work) | 8 (5.5) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.0) |
Refused | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Missing variables
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Average daily income (US$)
| |||
Low income | 41 (28.3) | 21 (11.6) | 20 (20.8) |
Low-middle income | 15 (10.3) | 15 (8.3) | 25 (26.0) |
Upper-middle income | 3 (2.1) | 5 (2.8) | 10 (10.4) |
High income | 1 (0.7) | 4 (2.2) | 14 (14.6) |
Unknown | 85 (58.6) | 136 (75.1) | 27 (28.1) |
Cluster subgroups* | Gender subgroups | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abbi | Kwale | Lagos | Female | Male | |
Age (years)
†
| 51.27 ± 2.03 | 28.24 ± 1.0 | 45.1 ± 13.4 | 42.9 ± 20.7 | 38.3 ± 20.5 |
Average daily income
†
| 3.79 ± 0.61 | 8.80 ± 1.58 | 21.33 ± 4.758 | 19.47 ± 4.78 | 7.39 ± 1.33 |
WC (cm)
| 87.31 ± 0.93 | 83.11 ± 0.99 | 94.1 ± 16.3 | 86.7 ± 11.5 | 87.2 ± 15.1 |
CHOL(mg/dL)
†
| 208.16 ± 8.70 | 191.05 ± 6.52 | 173.0 ± 16.3 | 174.4 ± 76.6 | 202.0 ± 82.5 |
G (mg/dL)
†
| 137.42 ± 5.54 | 120.71 ± 4.18 | 117.5 ± 56.2 | 136.1 ± 61.6 | 118.5 ± 53.2 |
HDL (mg/dL)
†
| 73.04 ± 2.29 | 75.29 ± 1.86 | 63.4 ± 20.4 | 64.4 ± 24.5 | 75.8 ± 22.5 |
BMI (kg/m
2
)
†
| 23.41 ± 0.43 | 24.05 ± 0.49 | 25.2 ± 5.0 | 23.3 ± 4.6 | 24.5 ± 6.3 |
Systolic (mmHg)
| 120.94 ± 2.25 | 119.20 ± 2.76 | 133 ± 19.8 | 124.0 ± 21.9 | 122.4 ± 34.7 |
Diastolic (mmHg)
| 72.76 ± 2.44 | 69.93 ± 0.90 | 80.0 ± 12.4 | 72.7 ± 12.7 | 73.5 ± 23.1 |
FBG (mg/dL)
| 101.76 ± 5.99 | 80.95 ± 2.12 | 88.2 ± 26.6 | 95.6 ± 48.1 | 88.3 ± 45.8 |
RBG (mg/dL)
| 116 ± 0.0 | 92.34 ± 2.92 | 103.4 ± 29.6 | 102.9 ± 29.7 | 94.8 ± 26.4 |
Prevalence of CVD risk factors and CVD risk screening/check-ups across gender and age-groups
A. CVD risk factors | Age group in years (95% confidence interval) | p-values | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18-24 | 25-34 | 35-44 | 45-54 | 55-64 | 65-74 | ≥75 | ||
↑TG
| 10.2 (5.1-15.6) | 11.4 (2.9-20.0) | 22.4 (10.2-32.7) | 32.3 (21.0-43.5) | 46.9 (28.1-63.8) | 37.5 (16.2-62.5) | 48.4 (29.0-67.7) | <0.0001 |
↑CHOL
| 23.4 (16.1-30.7) | 22.9 (11.4-35.5) | 32.7 (21.6-46.9) | 48.4 (33.9-61.3) | 59.4 (40.6-75.0) | 62.5 (37.5-81.3) | 74.2 (56.7-90.3) | <0.0001 |
Obesity (BMI)
| 2.2 (0.0-4.4) | 17.1 (5.7-28.6) | 16.3 (6.1-28.6) | 32.3 (21.0-43.5) | 15.6 (6.3-28.1) | 12.5 (0.0-31.3) | 12.9 (3.2-25.8) | <0.0001 |
↓HDL
| 19.7 (13.1-27.0) | 34.3 (20.0-51.4) | 20.4 (10.2-34.7) | 14.5 (6.5-24.2) | 12.5 (3.1-25.0) | 6.3 (0.0-25.0) | 6.5 (0.0-17.5) | 0.053 |
Prediabetes
| 3.6 (0.7-7.3) | 2.9 (0.0-11.4) | 8.2 (2.0-16.3) | 6.5 (1.6-12.9) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.5 (0.0-16.1) | 0.398 |
Diabetes
| 0.7 (0.0-2.9) | 0.0 | 4.1 (0.0-10.2) | 8.1 (1.6-14.5) | 18.8 (6.3-31.3) | 25.0 (6.3-50.0) | 6.5 (0.0-16.1) | <0.0001 |
Hypertension
| 7.3 (2.9-11.7) | 28.6 (14.3-42.9) | 40.8 (26.5-55.1) | 54.8 (38.7-66.1) | 68.8 (50.0-84.4) | 56.3 (37.5-81.3) | 71.0 (54.8-85.2) | <0.0001 |
Obesity (WC)
| 16.8 (10.2-22.6) | 51.4 (34.3-68.6) | 77.6 (64.5-88.6) | 79.0 (67.7-88.7) | 87.5 (75.0-96.9) | 68.8 (43.8-87.5) | 64.5 (48.4-80.6) | <0.0001 |
B. CVD risk screening
| ||||||||
Have had BP measured
| 6.7 (3.4-11.4) | 43.6 (28.2-61.5) | 70.5 (59.0-82.0) | 86.4 (78.8-93.9) | 83.3 (69.4-94.4) | 65.0 (45.0-85.0) | 51.2 (36.6-65.9) | <0.0001 |
Have had BG measured
| 3.4 (0.7-6.7) | 7.7 (0.0-15.4) | 26.2 (14.8-37.7) | 36.4 (24.2-47.0) | 55.6 (38.9-69.4) | 35.0 (15.0-55.0) | 19.5 (7.3-31.7) | <0.0001 |
Have had CHOL measured
| 1.3 (0.0-3.4) | 0.0 | 4.9 (0.0-11.5) | 4.5 (0.0-10.6) | 11.1 (2.8-22.2) | 5.0 (0.0-15.0) | 7.3 (0.0-17.1) | 0.094 |
Prevalence of CVD risk factors and CVD risk screening/check-ups across subgroups of geographical location, average daily income and level of education
A: CVD risk factors | ↑TG (95% CI) | ↑CHOL (95% CI) | Obese (BMI) (95% CI) | ↓HDL (95% CI) | Prediabetes (95% CI) | Diabetes (95% CI) | Hypertension (95% CI) | Obese (WC) (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geographical location
|
Abbi
| 32.7 (22.7-42.2) | 51.8 (41.4-61.3) | 8.2 (2.7-12.7) | 19.1 (12.7-26.4) | 6.4 (2.3-10.9) | 10.9 (5.5-16.4) | 37.3 (28.2-47.3) | 51.8 (41.8-61.8) |
Kwale
| 19.5 (13.8-25.9) | 34.8 (27.4-42.9) | 14.0 (9.1-19.2) | 17.1 (11.0-23.2) | 3.7 (1.2-6.7) | 1.8 (0.0-4.3) | 23.2 (16.8-29.9) | 40.2 (32.3-48.2) | |
Lagos
| 19.6 (12.0-28.7) | 29.3 (19.7-40.2) | 17.4 (9.8-26.1) | 17.4 (9.8-26.1) | 4.3 (1.1-8.7) | 5.4 (1.1-9.8) | 53.3 (43.0-64.1) | 72.8 (63.0-81.5) | |
Average daily income (US$)
|
Low income
| 28.4 (18.9-39.2) | 45.9 (33.8-58.1) | 17.6 (8.9-27.0) | 14.9 (8.1-23.0) | 8.1 (2.7-14.9) | 4.1 (0.0-8.1) | 54.1 (41.9-66.2) | 81.1 971.6-89.8) |
Low-middle income
| 29.8 (17.0-44.7) | 44.7 (31.9-57.4) | 21.3 (10.6-34.0) | 19.1 (8.5-31.9) | 2.1 (0.0-6.4) | 6.4 (0.0-14.9) | 46.8 (31.9-59.6) | 66.0 (51.1-78.7) | |
Upper-middle income
| 17.6 (0.0-35.3) | 35.3 (11.8-52.9) | 11.8 (0.0-29.4) | 11.8 (0.0-29.4) | 11.8 (0.0-29.4) | 0.0 | 52.9 (29.4-76.5) | 47.1 (23.5-67.1) | |
High income
| 44.4 (19.9-66.7) | 38.9 (16.7-61.1) | 16.7 (0.0-33.3) | 33.3 (11.1-55.6) | 0.0 | 22.2 (5.6-38.9) | 33.3 (11.1-55.6) | 83.3 (64.4-100) | |
Education completed
|
No formal education and Less than primary education
| 40.8 (26.5-55.9) | 69.4 (57.1-82.5) | 10.2 (2.0-20.4) | 12.2 (4.1-21.3) | 2.0 (0.0-6.1) | 6.1 (0.0-14.3) | 59.2 (46.9-73.5) | 71.4 (57.1-83.7) |
Primary education
| 16.0 (11.2-21.7) | 29.7 (22.6-36.6) | 10.3 (6.3-15.4) | 16.6 (10.9-22.3) | 4.0 (1.7-7.1) | 4.6 (1.7-8.2) | 24.6 (17.5-31.4) | 41.1 (34.3-48.6) | |
Secondary education
| 19.3 (10.9-27.3) | 31.8 (22.3-42.0) | 12.5 (5.7-19.3) | 21.6 (12.5-31.2) | 6.8 (2.3-12.5) | 6.8 (2.3-12.5) | 34.1 (23.9-44.3) | 53.4 (43.2-63.6) | |
University and Postgraduate
| 39.6 (26.4-52.8) | 50.9 (37.7-63.0) | 24.5 (13.2-35.8) | 18.9 (8.7-30.2) | 5.7 (0.0-13.2) | 5.7 (0.0-12.1) | 47.2 (33.2-60.4) | 66.0 (52.8-79.2) | |
B: History of CVD risk screening
|
Ever had BP measured?
|
Ever had BG measured?
|
Ever had CHOL measured?
| ||||||
Yes
(95% CI)
|
No (95% CI)
|
Yes (95% CI)
|
No (95% CI)
|
Yes (95% CI)
|
No (95% CI)
| ||||
Geographical location
|
Abbi
| 45.5 (37.5-53.1) | 54.2 (46.9-62.5) | 18.9 (12.6-24.8) | 81.1 (75.2-87.4) | 3.5 (0.7-6.3) | 96.5 (93.7-99.3) | ||
Kwale
| 32.4 (25.3-39.2) | 67.6 (60.8-74.7) | 11.9 (7.4-17.0) | 88.1 (83.0-92.6) | 1.7 (0.0-3.6) | 98.3 (96.4-100) | |||
Lagos
| 72.9 (64.6-81.3) | 27.1 (18.8-35.4) | 36.5 (27.1-44.8) | 63.5 (55.2-72.9) | 8.3 (3.1-14.6) | 91.7 (85.4-96.9) | |||
Average daily income (US$)
|
Low income
| 61.3 (50.0-70.5) | 38.8 (29.5-50.0) | 27.5 (18.8-37.5) | 72.5 (62.5-81.3) | 5.0 (1.3-10.0) | 95.0 (90.0-100) | ||
Low-middle income
| 72.7 (60.0-83.6) | 27.3 (16.4-40.0) | 30.9 (18.2-42.6) | 69.1 (57.4-81.8) | 9.1 (1.8-18.2) | 90.9 (81.8-98.2) | |||
Upper-middle income
| 83.3 (66.7-100) | 16.7 (0.0-33.3) | 33.3 (16.7-55.6) | 66.7 (44.4-83.3) | 5.6 (0.0-16.7) | 94.4 (83.3-100) | |||
High income
| 100.0 | 0.0 | 57.9 (34.7-78.9) | 42.1 (21.1-65.2) | 5.3 (0.0-15.8) | 94.7 (84.2-100) | |||
Education completed
|
No formal education and Less than primary education
| 48.3 (35.5-62.1) | 51.7 (37.9-64.5) | 20.7 (10.3-31.0) | 79.3 (69.0-89.7) | 5.2 (0.0-12.1) | 94.8 (87.9-100) | ||
Primary education
| 30.1 (23.5-36.7) | 69.9 (63.3-76.5) | 13.8 (8.7-18.4) | 86.2 (81.6-91.3) | 1.5 (0.0-3.6) | 98.5 (96.4-100) | |||
Secondary education
| 56.4 (45.5-66.3) | 43.6 (33.7-54.5) | 22.8 (14.9-32.7) | 77.2 (67.3-85.1) | 5.0 (1.0-9.9) | 95.0 (90.1-99.0) | |||
University and Postgraduate
| 79.7 (69.5-89.8) | 20.3 (10.2-30.5) | 35.6 (23.7-48.2) | 64.4 (51.8-76.3) | 8.5 (1.7-16.0) | 91.5 (84.0-98.3) |
CVD risk factors | Independent variables | Mean difference | Standard error | p-value | 95% confidence interval | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower bound | Upper bound | ||||||
Waist circumference
|
Abbi
|
Kwale
|
4.02
*
| 1.675 | .017 | .73 | 7.31 |
Lagos
|
−6.65
*
| 1.919 | .001 | −10.42 | −2.87 | ||
Kwale
|
Lagos
|
−10.67
*
| 1.765 | .000 | −14.14 | −7.20 | |
Total cholesterol
|
Abbi
|
Kwale
|
20.86
*
| 9.963 | .037 | 1.27 | 40.46 |
Lagos
|
37.89
*
| 11.415 | .001 | 15.44 | 60.34 | ||
Kwale
|
Lagos
| 17.02 | 10.496 | .106 | −3.62 | 37.66 | |
Triglycerides
|
Abbi
|
Kwale
|
18.39
*
| 6.981 | .009 | 4.66 | 32.12 |
Lagos
|
20.56
*
| 7.999 | .011 | 4.83 | 36.28 | ||
Kwale
|
Lagos
| 2.17 | 7.355 | .768 | −12.30 | 16.63 | |
HDL cholesterol
|
Abbi
|
Kwale
| −1.34 | 2.890 | .644 | −7.02 | 4.35 |
Lagos
|
9.55
*
| 3.311 | .004 | 3.03 | 16.06 | ||
Kwale
|
Lagos
|
10.88
*
| 3.044 | .000 | 4.90 | 16.87 | |
Body mass index
|
Abbi
|
Kwale
| −0.80 | 0.705 | .260 | −2.18 | 0.59 |
Lagos
|
−1.91
*
| 0.808 | .019 | −3.50 | −0.32 | ||
Kwale
|
Lagos
| −1.11 | 0.743 | .135 | −2.57 | 0.35 | |
Systolic blood pressure
|
Abbi
|
Kwale
| 0.72 | 3.763 | .849 | −6.69 | 8.12 |
Lagos
|
−11.45
*
| 4.312 | .008 | −19.93 | −2.97 | ||
Kwale
|
Lagos
|
−12.17
*
| 3.965 | .002 | −19.97 | −4.37 | |
Diastolic blood pressure
|
Abbi
|
Kwale
| 2.88 | 2.481 | .246 | −1.99 | 7.76 |
Lagos
|
−6.32
*
| 2.843 | .027 | −11.91 | −0.73 | ||
Kwale
|
Lagos
|
−9.20
*
| 2.614 | .000 | −14.34 | −4.06 | |
Blood glucose
|
Abbi
|
Kwale
|
16.12
*
| 5.088 | .002 | 6.12 | 26.13 |
Lagos
| 6.76 | 5.830 | .247 | −4.71 | 18.22 | ||
Kwale
|
Lagos
| −9.37 | 5.360 | .081 | −19.91 | 1.17 | |
Waist circumference
|
Low income
|
Low-mid income
| 1.20 | 2.479 | .629 | −3.68 | 6.08 |
Upper-mid income
| 1.51 | 3.575 | .673 | −5.52 | 8.54 | ||
High income
| −3.61 | 3.493 | .302 | −10.48 | 3.26 | ||
Low-mid income
|
Upper-mid income
| 0.31 | 3.762 | .935 | −7.09 | 7.71 | |
High income
| −4.81 | 3.684 | .193 | −12.05 | 2.44 | ||
Upper-mid income
|
High income
| −5.12 | 4.495 | .256 | −13.96 | 3.72 | |
Total cholesterol
|
Low income
|
Low-mid income
|
31.05
*
| 15.248 | .042 | 1.07 | 61.04 |
Upper-mid income
| 28.06 | 21.987 | .203 | −15.18 | 71.30 | ||
High income
| 22.20 | 21.485 | .302 | −20.05 | 64.45 | ||
Low-mid income
|
Upper-mid income
| −2.99 | 23.137 | .897 | −48.49 | 42.51 | |
High income
| −8.85 | 22.660 | .696 | −53.41 | 35.71 | ||
Upper-mid income
|
High income
| −5.86 | 27.648 | .832 | −60.23 | 48.51 | |
Triglycerides
|
Low income
|
Low-mid income
| 4.78 | 10.628 | .653 | −16.12 | 25.68 |
Upper-mid income
| 9.49 | 15.325 | .536 | −20.65 | 39.63 | ||
High income
| −11.45 | 14.974 | .445 | −40.89 | 18.00 | ||
Low-mid income
|
Upper-mid income
| 4.71 | 16.126 | .770 | −27.00 | 36.42 | |
High income
| −16.23 | 15.794 | .305 | −47.28 | 14.83 | ||
Upper-mid income
|
High income
| −20.94 | 19.270 | .278 | −58.83 | 16.96 | |
HDL cholesterol
|
Low income
|
Low-mid income
| 6.44 | 4.429 | .147 | −2.27 | 15.15 |
Upper-mid income
| 1.56 | 6.387 | .807 | −11.00 | 14.12 | ||
High income
|
14.92
*
| 6.241 | .017 | 2.64 | 27.19 | ||
Low-mid income
|
Upper-mid income
| −4.88 | 6.721 | .468 | −18.10 | 8.34 | |
High income
| 8.48 | 6.582 | .199 | −4.47 | 21.42 | ||
Upper-mid income
|
High income
| 13.36 | 8.031 | .097 | −2.44 | 29.15 | |
Body mass index
|
Low income
|
Low-mid income
| 0.05 | 1.035 | .963 | −1.99 | 2.08 |
Upper-mid income
| 1.00 | 1.493 | .505 | −1.94 | 3.93 | ||
High income
| −0.23 | 1.459 | .874 | −3.10 | 2.64 | ||
Low-mid income
|
Upper-mid income
| 0.95 | 1.571 | .546 | −2.14 | 4.04 | |
High income
| −0.28 | 1.539 | .856 | −3.31 | 2.75 | ||
Upper-mid income
|
High income
| −1.23 | 1.878 | .513 | −4.92 | 2.46 | |
Systolic blood pressure
|
Low income
|
Low-mid income
| 8.47 | 5.609 | .132 | −2.56 | 19.50 |
Upper-mid income
| 8.99 | 8.088 | .267 | −6.92 | 24.89 | ||
High income
| 10.97 | 7.903 | .166 | −4.57 | 26.51 | ||
Low-mid income
|
Upper-mid income
| 0.51 | 8.511 | .952 | −16.22 | 17.25 | |
High income
| 2.50 | 8.336 | .765 | −13.89 | 18.89 | ||
Upper-mid income
|
High income
| 1.99 | 10.170 | .845 | −18.01 | 21.99 | |
Diastolic blood pressure
|
Low income
|
Low-mid income
| −0.99 | 3.783 | .795 | −8.43 | 6.45 |
Upper-mid income
| −3.42 | 5.455 | .531 | −14.14 | 7.31 | ||
High income
| −3.39 | 5.330 | .526 | −13.87 | 7.10 | ||
Low-mid income
|
Upper-mid income
| −2.43 | 5.740 | .672 | −13.72 | 8.86 | |
High income
| −2.40 | 5.621 | .670 | −13.45 | 8.66 | ||
Upper-mid income
|
High income
| 0.03 | 6.859 | .996 | −13.46 | 13.52 | |
Blood glucose
|
Low income
|
Low-mid income
| −10.24 | 7.782 | .189 | −25.54 | 5.06 |
Upper-mid income
| 4.63 | 11.221 | .680 | −17.44 | 26.70 | ||
High income
| −21.25 | 10.965 | .053 | −42.81 | .32 | ||
Low-mid income
|
Upper-mid income
| 14.87 | 11.808 | .209 | −8.35 | 38.09 | |
High income
| −11.00 | 11.565 | .342 | −33.75 | 11.74 | ||
Upper-mid income
|
High income
| −25.88 | 14.110 | .067 | −53.62 | 1.87 | |
Waist circumference
|
NLE
|
PE
|
6.08
*
| 2.207 | .006 | 1.74 | 10.42 |
SE
| 2.90 | 2.437 | .235 | −1.90 | 7.69 | ||
UPE
|
−5.69
*
| 2.698 | .035 | −11.00 | −0.39 | ||
PE
|
SE
| −3.18 | 1.784 | .075 | −6.69 | 0.33 | |
UPE
|
−11.77
*
| 2.126 | .000 | −15.95 | −7.59 | ||
SE
|
UPE
|
−8.59
*
| 2.364 | .000 | −13.24 | −3.94 | |
Total cholesterol
|
NLE
|
PE
|
59.68
*
| 12.767 | .000 | 34.57 | 84.78 |
SE
|
60.55
*
| 14.097 | .000 | 32.83 | 88.28 | ||
UPE
| 17.28 | 15.604 | .269 | −13.40 | 47.97 | ||
PE
|
SE
| .87 | 10.316 | .933 | −19.41 | 21.16 | |
UPE
|
−42.40
*
| 12.295 | .001 | −66.58 | −18.22 | ||
SE
|
UPE
|
−43.27
*
| 13.672 | .002 | −70.16 | −16.39 | |
Triglycerides
|
NLE
|
PE
|
33.61
*
| 8.961 | .000 | 15.99 | 51.24 |
SE
|
22.14
*
| 9.895 | .026 | 2.68 | 41.60 | ||
UPE
| −5.11 | 10.953 | .641 | −26.64 | 16.43 | ||
PE
|
SE
| −11.47 | 7.241 | .114 | −25.71 | 2.77 | |
UPE
|
−38.72
*
| 8.630 | .000 | −55.69 | −21.75 | ||
SE
|
UPE
|
−27.25
*
| 9.596 | .005 | −46.12 | −8.38 | |
HDL cholesterol
|
NLE
|
PE
|
8.07
*
| 3.832 | .036 | .53 | 15.61 |
SE
|
11.42
*
| 4.231 | .007 | 3.10 | 19.74 | ||
UPE
| 8.07 | 4.684 | .086 | −1.14 | 17.28 | ||
PE
|
SE
| 3.35 | 3.096 | .280 | −2.74 | 9.44 | |
UPE
| .00 | 3.691 | .999 | −7.26 | 7.25 | ||
SE
|
UPE
| −3.35 | 4.104 | .414 | −11.42 | 4.72 | |
Body mass index
|
NLE
|
PE
| 0.17 | 0.895 | .851 | −1.59 | 1.93 |
SE
| −1.68 | 0.988 | .090 | −3.62 | .2633 | ||
UPE
|
−4.49
*
| 1.093 | .000 | −6.64 | −2.34 | ||
PE
|
SE
|
−1.85
*
| 0.723 | .011 | −3.27 | −0.43 | |
UPE
|
−4.66
*
| 0.862 | .000 | −6.35 | −2.96 | ||
SE
|
UPE
|
−2.81
*
| 0.958 | .004 | −4.69 | −0.92 | |
Systolic blood pressure
|
NLE
|
PE
|
14.96
*
| 4.949 | .003 | 5.22 | 24.69 |
SE
| 9.57 | 5.465 | .081 | −1.18 | 20.31 | ||
UPE
| 7.06 | 6.049 | .244 | −4.84 | 18.95 | ||
PE
|
SE
| −5.39 | 3.999 | .179 | −13.25 | 2.47 | |
UPE
| −7.90 | 4.766 | .098 | −17.27 | 1.47 | ||
SE
|
UPE
| −2.51 | 5.300 | .636 | −12.93 | 7.91 | |
Diastolic blood pressure
|
NLE
|
PE
| 3.15 | 3.281 | .338 | −3.31 | 9.60 |
SE
| −1.42 | 3.623 | .696 | −8.54 | 5.71 | ||
UPE
| −5.05 | 4.010 | .209 | −12.93 | 2.83 | ||
PE
|
SE
| −4.57 | 2.651 | .086 | −9.78 | 0.65 | |
UPE
|
−8.19
*
| 3.160 | .010 | −14.41 | −1.98 | ||
SE
|
UPE
| −3.63 | 3.514 | .302 | −10.54 | 3.28 | |
Blood glucose
|
NLE
|
PE
| −3.35 | 6.782 | .621 | −16.69 | 9.98 |
SE
| −4.07 | 7.489 | .587 | −18.80 | 10.65 | ||
UPE
| −3.19 | 8.289 | .701 | −19.49 | 13.11 | ||
PE
|
SE
| −0.72 | 5.480 | .895 | −11.50 | 10.06 | |
UPE
| 0.16 | 6.531 | .980 | −12.68 | 13.01 | ||
SE
|
UPE
| 0.88 | 7.263 | .903 | −13.40 | 15.17 | |
History of CVD risk screening
|
Independent variables
|
Mean difference
|
Standard error
|
p-value
|
95% confidence interval
| ||
Lower bound
|
Upper bound
| ||||||
Ever had BP measured?
|
Abbi
|
Kwale
|
−0.13*
| 0.054 | 0.017 | −0.23 | −0.02 |
Lagos
|
0.27*
| 0.063 | <0.0001 | 0.15 | 0.40 | ||
Kwale
|
Lagos
|
0.40*
| 0.060 | <0.0001 | 0.28 | 0.52 | |
Ever had BG measured?
|
Abbi
|
Kwale
| −0.07 | 0.044 | 0.119 | −0.16 | 0.02 |
Lagos
|
0.18*
| 0.052 | 0.001 | 0.07 | 0.28 | ||
Kwale
|
Lagos
|
0.24*
| 0.050 | <0.0001 | 0.15 | 0.34 | |
Ever had CHOL measured?
|
Abbi
|
Kwale
| −0.02 | 0.022 | 0.410 | −0.06 | 0.02 |
Lagos
| 0.05 | 0.025 | 0.057 | 0.00 | 0.10 | ||
Kwale
|
Lagos
|
0.07*
| 0.024 | 0.007 | 0.02 | 0.11 | |
Ever had BP measured?
|
Low income
|
Low-mid income
| 0.11 | 0.078 | 0.143 | −0.04 | 0.27 |
Upper-mid income
| 0.22 | 0.117 | 0.059 | −0.01 | 0.45 | ||
High income
|
0.39*
| 0.114 | 0.001 | 0.16 | 0.61 | ||
Low-mid income
|
Upper-mid income
| 0.11 | 0.121 | 0.383 | −0.13 | 0.34 | |
High income
|
0.27*
| 0.119 | 0.022 | 0.04 | 0.51 | ||
Upper-mid income
|
High income
| 0.17 | 0.147 | 0.258 | −0.12 | 0.46 | |
Ever had BG measured?
|
Low income
|
Low-mid income
| 0.03 | 0.067 | 0.613 | −0.10 | 0.17 |
Upper-mid income
| 0.06 | 0.100 | 0.561 | −0.14 | 0.26 | ||
High income
|
0.30*
| 0.098 | 0.002 | 0.11 | 0.50 | ||
Low-mid income
|
Upper-mid income
| 0.02 | 0.104 | 0.816 | −0.18 | 0.23 | |
High income
|
0.27*
| 0.102 | 0.009 | 0.07 | 0.47 | ||
Upper-mid income
|
High income
| 0.25 | 0.126 | 0.053 | 0.00 | 0.49 | |
Ever had CHOL measured?
|
Low income
|
Low-mid income
| 0.04 | 0.034 | 0.225 | −0.03 | 0.11 |
Upper-mid income
| 0.01 | 0.050 | 0.912 | −0.09 | 0.10 | ||
High income
| 0.00 | 0.049 | 0.957 | −0.09 | 0.10 | ||
Low-mid income
|
Upper-mid income
| −0.04 | 0.052 | 0.499 | −0.14 | 0.07 | |
High income
| −0.04 | 0.051 | 0.455 | −0.14 | 0.06 | ||
Upper-mid income
|
High income
| 0.00 | 0.063 | 0.963 | −0.13 | 0.12 | |
Ever had BP measured?
|
NLE
|
PE
|
−0.18*
| 0.070 | 0.011 | −0.32 | −0.04 |
SE
| 0.08 | 0.077 | 0.292 | −0.07 | 0.23 | ||
UPE
|
0.31*
| 0.087 | <0.0001 | 0.14 | 0.48 | ||
PE
|
SE
|
0.26*
| 0.058 | <0.0001 | 0.15 | 0.37 | |
UPE
|
0.49*
| 0.070 | <0.0001 | 0.36 | 0.63 | ||
SE
|
UPE
|
0.23*
| 0.077 | 0.003 | 0.08 | 0.38 | |
Ever had BG measured?
|
NLE
|
PE
| −0.07 | 0.059 | 0.248 | −0.18 | 0.05 |
SE
| 0.02 | 0.065 | 0.750 | −0.11 | 0.15 | ||
UPE
|
0.15*
| 0.073 | 0.042 | 0.01 | 0.29 | ||
PE
|
SE
| 0.09 | 0.049 | 0.067 | −0.01 | 0.18 | |
UPE
|
0.22*
| 0.059 | <0.0001 | 0.10 | 0.33 | ||
SE
|
UPE
|
0.13*
| 0.065 | 0.049 | 0.00 | 0.26 | |
Ever had CHOL measured?
|
NLE
|
PE
| −0.04 | 0.029 | 0.207 | −0.09 | 0.02 |
SE
| 0.00 | 0.032 | 0.944 | −0.06 | 0.06 | ||
UPE
| 0.03 | 0.036 | 0.354 | −0.04 | 0.10 | ||
PE
|
SE
| 0.03 | 0.024 | 0.149 | −0.01 | 0.08 | |
UPE
|
0.07*
| 0.029 | 0.016 | 0.01 | 0.13 | ||
SE
|
UPE
| 0.04 | 0.032 | 0.264 | −0.03 | 0.10 |