Background
Methods
Biological and epidemiological assumptions
The model
The basic reproduction number
Parameter | Description | Value (range) | Source |
---|---|---|---|
R
0
| basic reproduction number | 1.07 (0.55–1.99) 2.6 (1–7) | [14] [34] |
r
| hospital admission rate | 0.17 day−1
| assumed to be the same as discharge rate |
δ
| fraction of admitted patients with CDI symptoms | 1.2 × 10−4
| Calculated based on the rate of 6.9 per 10,000 patient-days estimated over 82 periods of 4 weeks [20] |
θ
| fraction of admitted patients without CDI symptoms who are screened | 0.925 (0–1) | [20] |
b
s
| fraction of screened admitted patients who are susceptible | 0.952 (0–1) | [20] |
η
| fraction of screened patients who are colonized and develop immune responses | 0.6 (0.45–0.75) | |
α
| fraction of screened admitted patients who are susceptible and receive antibiotic treatment | 0.22 (0.15–0.29) | [14] |
σ
| fraction of in-hospital patients who are screened following exposure to CDI | 0.9 (0–1) | assumed, varied in sensitivity analysis |
f
| fraction of colonized patients who develop immune responses | 0.6 (0.45–0.75) | |
ε
| rate of developing CDI symptoms in colonized patients | 0.2 (0.14–0.26) day−1
| |
τ
+
| recovery rate of damaged gut flora | 0.011 day−1
| [37] |
τ
−
| rate of antibiotic treatment damaging gut flora | 0.11 day−1
| [36] |
q
| fraction of CDI patients who are successfully treated | 0.8 (0.56–1) | |
μ
| discharge rate of hospital patients without symptomatic infection | 0.17 day−1
| |
μ
I
| CDI-caused death rate | 0.0012 (0.001–0.01) day−1
| |
ρ
| rate of symptoms resolution for CDI patients under treatment | 0.25 (0.143–0.33) day−1
| [35] |
γ
| recovery rate of CDI patients under treatment after symptoms resolution | 0.2 (0.143–0.33) day−1
| |
κ
| relative transmissibility of colonized patients without symptoms | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | assumed, varied in sensitivity analysis |
ν
| reduction of transmissibility due to immune responses | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | assumed, varied in sensitivity analysis |
ξ
| effectiveness of isolation for CDI patients | 0.8, 0.9, 1 (0.8–1) | assumed, varied in sensitivity analysis |
Ψ | reduced risk of CDI in patients without antibiotic exposure | 0.2 (0.06–0.55) | [24] |
π
| time-interval between sample collection and release of laboratory results | 1 (1–3) days |
Stochastic model implementation
Parameterization
Results
Model with rapid laboratory testing
Model with time-delay in laboratory testing
Disease persistence without admission of colonized patients
Relative reduction of CDI incidence
Inpatients screening
Sensitivity analysis
Model | relative influence | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rapid laboratory testing | time-delay in laboratory testing | |||||
Parameter | Strong | Moderate | Weak | Strong | Moderate | Weak |
f
| • | • | ||||
κ
| • | • | ||||
ν
| • | • | ||||
Ψ | • | • | ||||
σ
| • | • | ||||
θ
| • | • | ||||
q
| • | • | ||||
ρ
| • | • | ||||
γ
| • | • | ||||
ξ
| • | • | ||||
b
s
| • | • | ||||
η
| • | • | ||||
π
| • |