Background
Methods
Study design
Study setting
Study population
Data collection and analysis
Results
Quantitative results
Year of enrollment (N) | 2015; (N = 119) | 2016; (N = 121) | 2016; (N = 36) | 2017; (N = 66) | 2017 (N = 107) | Total (N = 449) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of initiating facility | KIDH (100%) | KIDH (77%) | Decentralized (23%) | KIDH (38%) | Decentralized (62%) | |
Variable | ||||||
Age | ||||||
≤ 30 years | 39 (33) | 37 (31) | 11 (30) | 12 (18) | 39 (36) | 138 (31) |
31–50 years | 54 (46) | 64 (53) | 19 (53) | 42 (64) | 51 (48) | 230 (51) |
> 50 years | 25 (21) | 20 (17) | 6 (17) | 12 (18) | 17 (16) | 80 (18) |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 85 (71) | 85 (70) | 27 (75) | 44 (67) | 70 (65) | 311 (69) |
Female | 34 (29) | 36 (30) | 9 (25) | 22 (33) | 37 (35) | 138 (31) |
Treatment history | ||||||
New | 35 (30) | 29 (24) | 7 (20) | 15 (23) | 36 (34) | 122 (27) |
Retreatment | 81 (70) | 92 (76) | 29 (80) | 51 (77) | 70 (66) | 323 (72) |
HIV status | ||||||
HIV co-infected | 35 (29) | 42 (35) | 13 (36) | 25 (39) | 35 (33) | 150 (33) |
On ART | 33 (94) | 40 (95) | 13 (100) | 23 (92) | 35 (100) | 144 (32) |
Patient residence | ||||||
Urban | 79 (66) | 70 (58) | 29 (81) | 19 (29) | 76 (71) | 273 (61) |
Rural | 40 (34) | 51 (42) | 7 (19) | 47 (71) | 31 (29) | 176 (39) |
Nutritional status | ||||||
< 18.5 | 57 (59) | 73 (60) | 25 (69) | 32 (48) | 42 (39) | 229 (51) |
> 18.5 | 40 (41) | 48 (40) | 11 (31) | 34 (52) | 65 (61) | 198 (44) |
HFs trained and initiated MDR-TB treatment | ||||||
Yes | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 14 (78) | 1 (100) | 35 (75) | 55 (100) |
No | ||||||
MDR-TB patients initiated with sites trained |
Training year | 2016, N (%) | 2017, N (%) | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Total participants (N) | 111 (26) | 319 (74) | 430 |
Cadre/role (%) | |||
TB Coordinator (RTLC, DTLC, TB/HIV Officer) | 34 (31) | 102 (32) | 136 (32) |
TB Nurse (DOT Nurse) | 19 (17) | 14 (4) | 33 (8) |
Lab Staff | 13 (12) | 30 (9) | 43 (10) |
Clinician | 19 (17) | 54 (17) | 73 (17) |
Nurse | 5 (4) | 73 (23) | 78 (18) |
Pharmacy Staff | 12 (11) | 27 (8) | 39 (9) |
Social Worker | 9 (8) | 19 (6) | 28 (7) |
Gender (%) | |||
Male | 56 (50) | 170 (53) | 226 (53) |
Female | 55 (50) | 149 (47) | 204 (47) |
Average score | |||
Pre-training test | 42 | 41 | 41 |
Post-training test | 60 | 64 | 62 |
p-value* | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
Type of health facility (N = 55) | |||
Hospital | 14 (70) | 18 (51) | 33 (58) |
Health Center | 2 (10) | 11 (32) | 13 (24) |
Dispensary | 4 (20) | 6 (17) | 10 (18) |
Initiating facility | Centralized—KIDH | Decentralized | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 |
Interim outcomes after 2 months | |||||
Culture conversion 2 months, n (%) | 60 (55) | 54 (50) | 34 (52) | 26 (72) | 51 (50) |
Interim outcomes after 6 months | |||||
Culture negative, n (%) | 101 (92) | 105 (96) | 58 (92) | 34 (94) | 94 (91) |
Loss to follow-up, n (%) | 3 (3) | 1 (1) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Died, n (%) | 12 (10) | 15 (12) | 8 (12) | 1 (3) | 3 (3) |
Interim outcomes after 12 months | |||||
Loss to follow-up, n (%) | 5 (4) | 6 (5) | 3 (5) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) |
Died, n (%) | 6 (5) | 5 (4) | 5 (8) | 2 (6) | 2 (2) |
Final treatment results | |||||
Treatment success rate, n (%) | 88 (74) | 94 (77) | 47 (71) | 32 (89) | 96 (90) |
Cured, n (%) | 71 (60) | 84 (69) | 38 (58) | 31 (86) | 92 (86) |
Treatment complete, n (%) | 17 (14) | 10 (8) | 9 (14) | 1 (3) | 4 (4) |
Died, n (%) | 22 (18) | 21 (17) | 14 (21) | 4 (11) | 7 (7) |
Lost to follow-up, n (%) | 7 (6) | 5 (4) | 3 (5) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) |
Treatment failure, n (%) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) |
Not evaluated, n (%) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Initiating facility | Centralized—KIDH (N = 306) | Decentralized sites (N = 143) | Combined (N = 449) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Crude OR | p-value | Adjusted OR | p-value | Crude OR | p-value | Adjusted OR | p-value | Crude OR | p value | aOR (95% CI) | p value |
(95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | ||||||||||
Treatment cohort | ||||||||||||
2016 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
2017 | 1.4 | 0.32 | 1.81 | 0.14 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.78 | 0.74 | 0.77 | 0.078 | 1.6 | 0.2 |
(0.7–2.7) | (0.8–3.9) | (0.22–3.1) | (0.18–3.3) | 0.58–1.02 | 0.75–3.4 | |||||||
Sex | ||||||||||||
Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Male | 2.1 | 0.057 | 2.14 | 0.073 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.79 | 0.73 | 1.3 | 0.28 | 1.2 | 0.38 |
(0.9–4.9) | (0.92 -5) | (0.3–2.9) | (0.2–3.1) | 0.79–2.2 | 0.7–2.3 | |||||||
HIV | ||||||||||||
Positive | 1.2 | 0.52 | 1.07 | 0.87 | 4.7 | 0.007 | 4.2 | 0.02 | 1.6 | 0.03 | 1.5 | 0.12 |
(0.6–2.5) | (0.48–2.3) | (1.5–14.7) | (1.2–15) | 1.04–2.6 | 0.8–2.6 | |||||||
Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
BMI | ||||||||||||
≥ 18.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
< 18.5 | 3.2 | 0.002 | 3.1 | 0.005 | 0.99 | 0.988 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 2.3 | 0.002 | 2.2 | 0.004 |
(1.6–6.8) | (1.3- 7) | (0.3–2.89) | (0.28- 3.3) | 1.3–4 | 1.3–3.8 | |||||||
Residence | ||||||||||||
Urban | 1.2 | 0.47 | 1.63 | 0.23 | 1.5 | 0.54 | 2.1 | 0.175 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.3 | 0.3 |
(0.6–2.4) | (0.6–4.) | (0.4–5.6) | (0.39–11) | 0.6–1.5 | 0.7–2.6 | |||||||
Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Patient group | ||||||||||||
New | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Retreatment (FLD) | 1.14 | 0.74 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.61 | 0.39 | 0.48 | 0.23 | 1.05 | 0.85 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
(0.5–2.1) | (0.4–2.43) | (0.2–1.8) | (0.14–1.6) | 0.6–1.7 | 0.4–1.4 | |||||||
Staff training | ||||||||||||
Yes | N/A | 1 | ||||||||||
No | 1.25 | 0.78 | 1.29 | 0.79 | 0.5 | 0.42 | 1.01 | 0.9 | ||||
(0.25–6.1) | (0.19–8.4) | 0.12–2.4 | 0.19–5.8 | |||||||||
Age categories | ||||||||||||
< 30 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
31–50 years | 3.09 | 0.02 | 3.05 | 0.03 | 4 | 0.08 | 3 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.02 | 2.2 | 0.02 |
(1.2–8) | (1.1–8.4) | (0.8–19) | (0.55–16) | 1.1–3.5 | 1.1–4.1 | |||||||
> 50 years | 2.3 | 0.145 | 3.1 | 0.08 | 3.6 | 0.178 | 4 | 0.18 | 2.3 | 0.016 | 2.6 | 0.02 |
(0.7–7.7) | (0.88–8.4) | (0.55–23) | (0.5–33) | 1.1–4.7 | 1.1–5.9 | |||||||
Treatment delivery | ||||||||||||
Centralized | N/A | N/A | 2.8 | 0.001 | 2.9 | 0.006 | ||||||
Decentralized | 1 | 1.5–5.1 | 1.3–6.2 |
Qualitative results
Challenge | DR-TB team challenges mentioned by supervisors—citation | Challenges mentioned by the DR-TB team—citation |
---|---|---|
Stigma in the community and stigma among DR-TB patients | There is still stigma towards patients who wear masks | HCWs: Stigma is very high irrespective of the Health Education every Wednesday {1 participant} We are told by patients to go without mask due to fear of being stigmatized. (1 participant} |
Inadequate infrastructure | There are inadequate waiting areas, inadequate space for patient management and poor ventilation | |
Inadequacy in the system of drug delivery | There is shortage and delays in (short regimen) drugs | |
Delays in laboratory results | Sometimes there are no culture results at all It can take 5 – 6 months to receive the results | Delays in getting investigation results especially culture results (even in KIDH) {9 participants} Modules for GeneXpert need replacement {1 participant} |
Working conditions and staff capacity building are not up to standard | 2 staff were transferred out and no new staff brought-in Few staff but involved in other programs without replacement No extra-duty to staff working on holidays in KIDH 32 more staff members were employed, their challenge is to build the capacity of this new staff There is a lack of refresher training | Modalities for home visits are not clear {2 participants} |