Introduction
Methods
Study design
Assessment of cognitive functioning
Occupational information
Statistical analyses
Mental demands | Age | Self-regulation | Intelligence | Working hours status | Education | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mental demands
§
| 1 | 0.169*** | 0.183*** | 0.280*** | 0.056** | 0.461*** |
Age
§
| 0.169*** | 1 | −0.071*** | 0.178*** | 0.719*** | 0.092*** |
Self-regulation
§
| 0.183*** | −0.071*** | 1 | 0.084*** | −0.086*** | 0.226*** |
Intelligence
§
| 0.280*** | 0.178*** | 0.084*** | 1 | 0.035 | 0.452*** |
Working hour status
#
| 0.056*** | 0.719*** | −0.086*** | 0.035 | 1 | −0.032 |
Education
#
| 0.461*** | 0.092*** | 0.226*** | 0.452*** | −0.032 | 1 |
Results
Diabetes | High blood pressure | Stroke | Liver disease | Elevated blood lipids | Stroke | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mental demands (low) |
14.9%**
| 48.0% | 4.3% | 8.6% | 40.6% | 3.4% |
Mental demands (middle) |
10.8%
| 48.9% | 2.7% | 11.8% | 36.2% | 2.1% |
Mental demands (high) |
15.3%
| 52.1% | 3.4% | 12.3% | 40.0% | 2.4% |
Demands & education (low & low) |
14.9%*
|
48.5%*
| 5.1% | 9.0% | 44.0% | 3.8% |
Demands & education (middle & low) |
13.0%
|
49.2%
| 2.5% | 9.6% | 37.8% | 2.7% |
Demands & education (middle & middle OR high & low) |
11.2%
|
49.9%
| 3.3% | 12.6% | 35.6% | 1.5% |
Demands & education (high & middle) |
9.0%
|
47.3%
| 2.3% | 12.4% | 34.3% | 2.2% |
Demands & education (high & high) |
16.1%
|
54.4%
| 4.0% | 14.0% | 42.4% | 2.0% |
n (%) | Trail making test - B mean (SD) | Verbal fluency mean (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|
Female§ | 1500 (51.2) |
87.98 (45.64)***
|
23.85 (6.12)**
|
Male | 1427 (48.8) |
97.97 (52.70)
|
23.20 (6.32)
|
Age (70–79 years)# | 680 (23.2) |
116.79 (57.00)***
|
22.19 (5.86)***
|
Age (60–69 years) | 867 (29.6) |
99.81 (49.00)
|
22.92 (5.95)
|
Age (50–59 years) | 776 (26.5) |
82.96 (40.40)
|
23.74 (6.30)
|
Age (40–49 years) | 604 (20.6) |
68.58 (35.09)
|
25.64 (6.31)
|
Education (high)# | 957 (32.9) |
82.33 (38.06)***
|
25.24 (6.25)***
|
Education (middle) | 836 (28.7) |
93.40 (46.71)
|
23.61 (5.92)
|
Education (low) | 1119 (38.2) |
101.66 (57.87)
|
22.04 (6.06)
|
Not working# | 1487 (51.1) |
109.22 (55.20)***
|
22.41 (5.95)***
|
Working <15h/week | 54 (1.8) |
95.20 (53.67)
|
23.84 (6.00)
|
Working 15-34h/week | 275 (9.4) |
78.67 (36.64)
|
25.44 (6.83)
|
Working 35 + h/week | 1096 (37.6) |
74.30 (34.00)
|
24.61 (6.17)
|
Demands (high)# | 379 (13.9) |
87.58 (38.85)***
|
24.31 (6.34)***
|
Demands (medium) | 1997 (84.3) |
91.59 (48.85)
|
23.70 (6.13)
|
Demands (low) | 344 (12.6) |
105.52 (59.78)
|
21.69 (6.06)
|
Self-regulation (high)# | 199 (7.3) |
82.09 (41.54)***
|
26.04 (6.09)***
|
Self-regulation (medium) | 2295 (84.3) |
92.18 (48.63)
|
23.48 (6.17)
|
Self-regulation (low) | 230 (8.4) |
108.08 (58.75)
|
21.91 (5.99)
|
Stroke (no)§ | 2819 (97.7) |
92.10 (48.18)***
|
23.61 (6.19)***
|
Stroke (yes) | 66 (2.3) |
130.27 (81.01)
|
21.14 (7.10)
|
Blood lipids (normal)§ | 1665 (63.0) |
89.88 (48.23)***
|
23.98 (6.23)***
|
Blood lipids (elevated) | 976 (37.0) |
99.26 (51.52)
|
22.99 (6.17)
|
Liver disease (no)§ | 2368 (88.7) |
93.09 (50.15)**
|
23.64 (6.26)
|
Liver disease (yes) | 301 (11.3) |
98.32 (49.61)
|
23.09 (5.96)
|
Heart attack (no)§ | 2792 (69.9) |
92.36 (49.48)***
|
23.62 (6.20)*
|
Heart attack (yes) | 88 (3.1) |
109.82 (45.44)
|
21.89 (6.39)
|
Blood pressure (normal)§ | 1391 (50.9) |
85.61 (45.16)***
|
24.16 (6.29)***
|
Blood pressure (high) | 1340 (49.1) |
100.98 (52.55)
|
22.96 (6.09)
|
Diabetes (no)§ | 2534 (88.0) |
90.87 (48.37)***
|
23.75 (6.23)***
|
Diabetes (yes) | 346 (12.0) |
108.01 (54.74)
|
22.13 (5.91)
|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trail making test - B | Verbal fluency | Trail making test - B | Verbal fluency | Trail making test - B | Verbal fluency | ||||||||
β | p | β | P | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | P | ||
Constant | 4.659 | 0.000 | 3.077 | 0.000 | 4.437 | 0.000 | 3.126 | 0.000 | Constant | 4.422 | 0.000 | 3.130 | 0.000 |
Demands (high) |
−0.186
|
0.000
|
0.114
|
0.000
|
−0.161
|
0.000
|
0.068
|
0.002
| Demands & education (high & high) |
−0.346
|
0.000
|
0.192
|
0.000
|
Demands (medium) |
−0.141
|
0.000
|
0.089
|
0.000
|
−0.096
|
0.000
|
0.047
|
0.005
| Demands & education (high & middle) |
−0.257
|
0.000
|
0.158
|
0.000
|
Demands (low) | REF | REF | REF | REF | Demands & education (middle & middle OR high & low) |
−0.160
|
0.000
|
0.094
|
0.000
| ||||
Age (70–79 years) |
0.406
|
0.000
|
−0.120
|
0.000
| Demands & education (middle & low) |
−0.067
|
0.036
|
0.048
|
0.020
| ||||
Age (60–69 years) |
0.292
|
0.000
|
−0.098
|
0.000
| Demands & education (low & low) | REF | REF | ||||||
Age (50–59 years) |
0.189
|
0.000
|
−0.076
|
0.000
| Age (70–79) |
0.406
|
0.000
|
−0.121
|
0.000
| ||||
Age (40–49 years) | REF | REF | Age (60–69) |
0.291
|
0.000
|
−0.098
|
0.000
| ||||||
Female |
−0.103
|
0.000
| 0.019 | 0.078 | Age (50–59) |
0.188
|
0.000
|
−0.076
|
0.000
| ||||
Male | REF | REF | Age (40–49) | REF | REF | ||||||||
Self-regulation (high) | −0.071 | 0.089 |
0.080
|
0.003
| Female |
−0.101
|
0.000
| 0.019 | 0.078 | ||||
Self-regulation (medium) | −0.029 | 0.338 | 0.016 | 0.410 | Male | REF | REF | ||||||
Self-regulation (low) | REF | REF | Self-regulation (high) | −0.079 | 0.058 |
0.081
|
0.003
| ||||||
Not working |
0.167
|
0.000
| −0.028 | 0.090 | Self-regulation (medium) | −0.033 | 0.269 | 0.014 | 0.478 | ||||
Working <15h/week |
0.145
|
0.023
| −0.020 | 0.624 | Self-regulation (low) | REF | REF | ||||||
Working 15-34h/week | 0.048 | 0.107 | 0.042 | 0.026 | Not working |
0.169
|
0.000
| −0.029 | 0.085 | ||||
Working 35 + h/week | REF | REF | Working <15h/week |
0.144
|
0.024
| −0.020 | 0.610 | ||||||
Education (high) |
−0.194
|
0.000
|
0.120
|
0.000
| Working 15-34h/week | 0.050 | 0.093 |
0.042
|
0.027
| ||||
Education (medium) |
−0.070
|
0.001
|
0.052
|
0.000
| Working 35 + h/week | REF | REF | ||||||
Education (low) | REF | REF | Stroke (yes) |
0.115
|
0.038
| −0.028 | 0.414 | ||||||
Stroke (yes) |
0.112
|
0.042
| −0.028 | 0.428 | Stroke (no) | REF | REF | ||||||
Stroke (no) | REF | REF | Blood lipids (elevated) | −0.015 | 0.393 | −0.006 | 0.568 | ||||||
Blood lipids (elevated) | −0.015 | 0.397 | −0.006 | 0.580 | Blood lipids (normal) | REF | REF | ||||||
Blood lipids (normal) | REF | REF | Liver disease (yes) | 0.022 | 0.379 | −0.004 | 0.817 | ||||||
Liver disease (yes) | 0.022 | 0.380 | −0.004 | 0.787 | Liver disease (no) | REF | REF | ||||||
Liver disease (no) | REF | REF | Heart attack (yes) | 0.009 | 0.842 | −0.026 | 0.380 | ||||||
Heart attack (yes) | 0.006 | 0.890 | −0.027 | 0.370 | Heart attack (no) | REF | REF | ||||||
Heart attack (no) | REF | REF | Blood pressure (high) | 0.009 | 0.617 | 0.000 | 0.970 | ||||||
Blood pressure (high) | 0.009 | 0.597 | 0.000 | 0.984 | Blood pressure (normal) | REF | REF | ||||||
Blood pressure (normal) | REF | REF | Diabetes (yes) | 0.019 | 0.474 | −0.027 | 0.101 | ||||||
Diabetes (yes) | 0.018 | 0.500 | −0.026 | 0.117 | Diabetes (no) | REF | REF | ||||||
Diabetes (no) | REF | REF |
Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Trail making Test - B | Verbal fluency | |||
β | p | β | P | |
Constant | 4.473 | 0.000 | 3.070 | 0.000 |
Demands & education (high & high) |
−0.189
|
0.000
|
0.135
|
0.000
|
Demands & education (high & middle) |
−0.124
|
0.001
|
0.092
|
0.000
|
Demands & education (middle & middle OR high & low) |
−0.072
|
0.052
|
0.062
|
0.018
|
Demands & education (middle & low) |
−0.046
|
0.202
|
0.035
|
0.167
|
Demands & education (low & low) | REF | REF | ||
Age (70–79) |
0.312
|
0.000
|
−0.113
|
0.000
|
Age (60–69) |
0.286
|
0.000
|
−0.101
|
0.000
|
Age (50–59) |
0.170
|
0.000
|
−0.063
|
0.000
|
Age (40–49) | REF | REF | ||
Female |
−0.104
|
0.000
| 0.030 | 0.015 |
Male | REF | REF | ||
Self-regulation (high) | −0.053 | 0.235 | 0.057 | 0.071 |
Self-regulation (medium) | −0.004 | 0.916 | −0.005 | 0.833 |
Self-regulation (low) | REF | REF | ||
Not working |
0.076
|
0.003
| 0.002 | 0.928 |
Working <15h/week | −0.086 | 0.235 | −0.045 | 0.365 |
Working 15-34h/week | −0.031 | 0.277 |
0.044
|
0.031
|
Working 35+h/week | REF | REF | ||
Intelligence (high) |
−0.296
|
0.000
|
0.220
|
0.000
|
Intelligence (middle) |
−0.187
|
0.000
|
0.119
|
0.000
|
Intelligence (low) | REF | REF | ||
Stroke (yes) | −0.038 | 0.572 | 0.020 | 0.662 |
Stroke (no) | REF | REF | ||
Blood lipids (elevated) | 0.008 | 0.671 | −0.021 | 0.106 |
Blood lipids (normal) | REF | REF | ||
Liver disease (yes) | 0.037 | 0.180 | −0.001 | 0.974 |
Liver disease (no) | REF | REF | ||
Heart attack (yes) | −0.048 | 0.420 | 0.029 | 0.493 |
Heart attack (no) | REF | REF | ||
Blood pressure (high) | 0.012 | 0.541 | −0.003 | 0.850 |
Blood pressure (normal) | REF | REF | ||
Diabetes (yes) | 0.033 | 0.272 | −0.038 | 0.076 |
Diabetes (no) | REF | REF |
Model 4 | Model 5 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MMSE | MMSE | ||||
β | p | β | p | ||
Constant | 3.284 | 0.000 | Constant | 3.261 | 0.000 |
Demands (high) |
0.036
|
0.010
| Demands & education (high & high) |
0.082
|
0.000
|
Demands (medium) |
0.027
|
0.031
| Demands & education (high & middle) |
0.072
|
0.000
|
Demands (low) | REF | Demands & education (middle & middle OR high & low) |
0.046
|
0.005
| |
Demands & education (middle & low) |
0.052
|
0.002
| |||
Age (70–79 years) | 0.002 | 0.734 | Demands & education (low & low) | REF | |
Age (60–69 years) | REF | ||||
Female | 0.010 | 0.111 | Age (70–79) | 0.002 | 0.727 |
Male | REF | Age (60–69) | REF | ||
Self-regulation (high) | 0.026 | 0.100 | Female | 0.011 | 0.075 |
Self-regulation (medium) | 0.014 | 0.229 | Male | REF | |
Self-regulation (low) | REF | Self-regulation (high) | 0.027 | 0.082 | |
Education (high) |
0.023
|
0.003
| Self-regulation (medium) | 0.013 | 0.248 |
Education (medium) | −0.002 | 0.767 | Self-regulation (low) | REF | |
Education (low) | REF | Stroke (yes) |
−0.041
|
0.021
| |
Stroke (yes) |
−0.040
|
0.025
| Stroke (no) |
REF
| |
Stroke (no) | REF | Blood lipids (elevated) | 0.011 | 0.060 | |
Blood lipids (elevated) |
0.012
|
0.049
| Blood lipids (normal) | REF | |
Blood lipids (normal) | REF | Liver disease (yes) | 0.003 | 0.726 | |
Liver disease (yes) | 0.003 | 0.724 | Liver disease (no) | REF | |
Liver disease (no) | REF | Heart attack (yes) | −0.009 | 0.631 | |
Heart attack (yes) | −0.014 | 0.478 | Heart attack (no) | REF | |
Heart attack (no) | REF | Blood pressure (high) | −0.002 | 0.769 | |
Blood pressure (high) | −0.002 | 0.745 | Blood pressure (normal) | REF | |
Blood pressure (normal) | REF | Diabetes (yes) | 0.000 | 0.962 | |
Diabetes (yes) | −0.001 | 0.881 | Diabetes (no) | REF | |
Diabetes (no) | REF |