Many epidemiological studies have suggested that insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF1) gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be associated with cancer risk. Among several commonly studied polymorphisms in IGF1 gene, rs2195239 and rs2162679 attracted many attentions. So we perform a meta-analysis to determine potential associations between IGF1 rs2195239 and rs2162679 polymorphisms and cancer risk.
Methods
We retrieved relevant articles from the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases up to April 30, 2018. Ultimately, thirteen studies were included in the present meta-analysis, which involved 12,515 cases and 19,651 controls. The odd ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to estimate the strength of the associations.
Results
rs2195239 reduces the overall cancer risk in homozygote model, as well as reducing cancer risk in Asian populations in allele, homozygote, and recessive models. No significant relationship was found between rs2195239 and breast or pancreatic cancer risk. rs2162679 reduces the overall cancer risk in allele, homozygote, dominant, and recessive models, as well as reducing cancer risk in Asian populations in allele, homozygote, and recessive models.
Conclusions
IGF1 rs2195239 and rs2162679 were associated with overall cancer risk based on present studies.
Insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF1) plays an important role in promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis [1]. IGF1 is produced mainly by the liver tissue and is secreted into the circulation [2]. Epidemiological studies have shown that IGF1 is involved in tumor development, high concentrations of serum IGF1 are related to the increased risk of several types of cancer, supporting a potential role on the part of IGF1 in cancer development [3‐5].
IGF1 is located on 12q22–24.1, having no strong linkage disequilibrium with nearby genes [6]. Studies of twins have indicated that 40~60% of the inter-individual variability in IGF1 levels in the circulation depends on genetic factors [7‐10]. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the important part of genetic variability among individuals. Several IGF1 SNPs have been reported to be associated with elevated IGF1 levels in the circulation [11‐13].
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Recently, many studies have described the relationship between the IGF1 gene rs2195239 and rs2162679 polymorphisms and the risks of various cancers [14‐23]. However, the results of the relevant studies are inconsistent. In addition, prior studies regarding the relationship between the rs2195239 and rs2162679 polymorphisms and cancer risk are limited in terms of sample size and thus, statistical power. We performed the present meta-analysis to more precisely describe the relationship between the IGF1 rs2195239 and rs2162679 polymorphisms and cancer risk.
Methods
Publication search
Relevant articles published prior to April 30, 2018 were identified by searching the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. The key terms used in the search were: “IGF1 or IGF-1 or insulin-like growth factor 1,” “variant or mutation or SNP or polymorphism,” and “cancer or tumor or neoplasm or carcinoma.” Furthermore, we manually checked the reference in the identified articles to identify additional available studies. Our search was restricted to articles written in the English language.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The included articles had to: 1) concern the relationship between the IGF1 polymorphisms rs2195239 and rs2162679 and cancer risk, 2) be case-control or cohort studies, 3) contain sufficient data on genotype distribution. We excluded comments, editorials, reviews, meta-analyses, and studies lacking sufficient data.
Data extraction and quality assessment
Two researchers extracted information from all the included studies independently, as well as evaluating the quality of the studies. Controversies were resolved through negotiation. The following data were collected: first author’s name, publication year, type of cancer, ethnicity, method of genotyping, control source, genotype distributions of cases and controls, and the P-value for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) of controls. The quality of the studies was assessed using a quality score form [24] (Additional file 1: Figure S1).
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Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were applied by using STATA software (Version 12.0, Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). The ORs and 95% CIs were calculated to evaluate the strength of the associations between the IGF1 rs2195239 and rs2162679 polymorphisms and cancer risk in five genetic models: the allele model (for rs2195239: C vs. G; for 2,162,679: G vs. A), the homozygote model (for rs2195239: CC vs. GG; for 2,162,679: GG vs. AA), the heterozygote model (for rs2195239: GC vs. GG; for 2,162,679: AG vs. AA), the dominant model (for rs2195239: CC + GC vs. GG; for 2,162,679: GG + AG vs. AA), and the recessive model (for rs2195239: CC vs. GC + GG; for 2,162,679: GG vs. AG + AA). Heterogeneity was estimated using a Q test and I2 [25]. The fixed-effects model was applied when heterogeneity was absent [26] (P > 0.1). Otherwise, the random-effects model were used [27]. The HWE for the controls was calculated using a Chi-squared test. In addition, we carried out stratified analyses according to ethnicity, cancer type, and quality score. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the stability of the overall analyses excluding a single study at a time. Egger’s tests were applied to assess publication bias [28].
Results
Description of search results
Through searching the databases, a total of 4479 articles were initially obtained. After removing duplicates, 2086 articles were left. After screening the titles and abstracts, 133 articles were retrained for full-text review. Ultimately, ten articles were identified for meta-analysis [14‐23] (Fig. 1). Three articles included studies of two IGF1 polymorphisms [15, 20, 21]. In total, 13 studies from ten articles were included in the current meta-analysis, which involved 12,515 cases and 19,651 controls. The publication year ranged from 2006 to 2016. The characteristics of the studies and the genotype frequencies for cases and controls of rs2195239 and rs2162679 are shown in Tables 1 and 2 respectively.
Fig. 1
The flow diagram of included/excluded studies
Table 1
Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis for rs2195239
Abbreviations: TGCT testicular germ cell tumors, PB population-based, HB hospital-based, HWE Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, Y polymorphisms conformed to HWE in the control group, N polymorphisms did not conform to HWE in the control group, NR not reported
Table 2
Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis for rs2162679
Abbreviations: TGCT testicular germ cell tumors, PB population-based, HB hospital-based, HWE Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, Y polymorphisms conformed to HWE in the control group, N polymorphisms did not conform to HWE in the control group
×
Meta-analysis
The relationship between the IGF1 gene rs2195239 and rs2162679 polymorphisms and cancer risk were evaluated using ORs and 95% CI in the allele, homozygote, heterozygote, dominant, and recessive models. We also conducted stratified analyses according to ethnicity, cancer type, and score. Only results synthesized from no fewer than two studies are shown.
There were a total of 9842 cases and 14,105 controls included from eight studies regarding the rs2195239 polymorphism. In overall analysis, rs2195239 was shown to be significantly associated with reduced cancer risk (n = 8, Table 3 and Fig. 2, CC vs. GG: OR = 0.88, 95% Cl = 0.80–0.98, P = 0.018). In the analyses stratified by ethnicity, rs2195239 was shown to significantly reduce cancer risk in Asian populations (n = 3, Table 3, C vs. G: OR = 0.91, 95% Cl = 0.82–1.00, P = 0.044; CC vs. GG: OR = 0.81, 95% Cl = 0.66–0.99, P = 0.035; CC vs. GC + GG: OR = 0.83, 95%Cl = 0.69–0.98, P = 0.031). In the analyses stratified by cancer type, no significant relationship between rs2195239 and breast (n = 3, Table 3) or pancreatic cancer (n = 2, Table 3) risk was found. The scores for all of the studies regarding rs2195239 are no less than twelve.
Table 3
Meta-analysis of the association between rs2195239 and rs2162679 polymorphisms and cancer risk
Subgroup
No.
Allele model
Homozygote model
Heterozygote model
Dominant model
Recessive model
OR(95% Cl)
POR
Ph
OR(95% Cl)
POR
Ph
OR(95% Cl)
POR
Ph
OR(95% Cl)
POR
Ph
OR(95% Cl)
POR
Ph
rs2195239
C vs. G
CC vs. GG
GC vs. GG
CC + GC vs. GG
CC vs. GC + GG
Overall
8
0.97(0.93–1.01)
0.103
0.722
0.88(0.80–0.98)
0.018
0.454
1.00 (0.93–1.10)
0.972
0.526
0.97(0.90–1.05)
0.466
0.659
0.95 (0.90–1.01)
0.083
0.162
Asian
3
0.91 (0.82–1.00)
0.044
0.906
0.81 (0.66–0.99)
0.035
0.731
0.96 (0.83–1.12)
0.616
0.534
0.92 (0.79–1.06)
0.232
0.831
0.83 (0.69–0.98)
0.031
0.362
Breast cancer
3
0.97(0.93–1.02)
0.282
0.939
0.91 (0.81–1.03)
0.152
0.294
0.99 (0.89–1.10)
0.866
0.238
0.97(0.87–1.07)
0.536
0.474
0.97(0.91–1.03)
0.308
0.131
Pancreatic cancer
2
1.02 (0.89–1.16)
0.833
0.139
0.94 (0.67–1.31)
0.710
0.134
1.11 (0.92–1.34)
0.275
0.921
1.08 (0.91–1.30)
0.466
0.600
0.88(0.51–1.51)*
0.640
0.087
rs2162679
G vs. A
GG vs. AA
AG vs. AA
GG + AG vs. AA
GG vs. AG + AA
Overall
5
0.87 (0.80–0.94)
0.001
0.693
0.70 (0.57–0.87)
0.001
0.787
0.91 (0.82–1.02)
0.209
0.556
0.88(0.79–0.97)
0.011
0.578
0.73 (0.60–0.89)
0.002
0.817
Asian
2
0.85 (0.76–0.96)
0.007
0.302
0.70 (0.54–0.90)
0.005
0.737
0.97(0.71–1.33)*
0.845
0.096
0.86 (0.74–1.01)
0.065
0.131
0.73 (0.57–0.92)
0.009
0.824
Quality score ≥ 12
2
0.87 (0.77–0.99)
0.037
0.389
0.67 (0.44–1.00)
0.049
0.385
0.91 (0.78–1.06)
0.225
0.629
0.88(0.76–1.02)
0.093
0.492
0.68 (0.46–1.02)
0.064
0.412
Abbreviations: OR odds ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, POR pool P value, PhP value of heterogeneity test, *indicates that the OR, 95% Cl, and corresponding POR were calculated based on the random-effects model; otherwise, the fixed-effects model was used. Bold values are statistically significant (POR < 0.05)
Fig. 2
Meta-analysis of rs2195239 polymorphism and cancer risk. a: allele model; b: homozygous model; c: heterozygous model; d: dominant model; e: recessive model. The squares and horizontal lines correspond to the study specific OR and 95% CI. The area of the squares reflects the weight. The diamond represents the summary OR and 95% CI. The fixed-effects model was used
×
There were a total of 2673 cases and 5546 controls from five studies regarding the rs2162679 polymorphism. In overall analysis, rs2162679 was shown to be significantly associated with reduced cancer risk (n = 5, Table 3 and Fig. 3, G vs. A: OR = 0.87, 95% Cl = 0.80–0.94, P = 0.001; GG vs. AA: OR = 0.70, 95% Cl, =0.57–0.87, P = 0.001; GG + AG vs. AA: OR = 0.88, 95%Cl = 0.79–0.97, P = 0.011; GG vs. AG + AA: OR = 0.73, 95% Cl = 0.60–0.89, P = 0.002). In the analyses stratified by ethnicity, we found that rs2162679 was shown to significantly reduce cancer risk in Asian populations (n = 2, Table 3 and Fig. 2, G vs. A: OR = 0.85, 95% Cl = 0.76–0.96, P = 0.007; GG vs. AA: OR = 0.70, 95% Cl = 0.54–0.90, P = 0.005; GG vs. AG + AA: OR = 0.73, 95% Cl = 0.57–0.92, P = 0.009). The results synthesized from these studies, which score no less than twelve, showed that rs2162679 reduces cancer risk in the allele and homozygote models (n = 2,Table 3), indicating that the results for rs2162679 are relatively stable in these models.
Fig. 3
Meta-analysis of rs2162679 polymorphism and cancer risk. a: allele model; b: homozygous model; c: heterozygous model; d: dominant model; e: recessive model. The squares and horizontal lines correspond to the study specific OR and 95% CI. The area of the squares reflects the weight. The diamond represents the summary OR and 95% CI. The fixed-effects model was used
×
Sensitivity analysis
A sensitivity analysis was conducted by excluding a single study at a time. The sensitivity analysis for rs2195239 suggests that excluding the study by Ennishi et al. would have led to a different result in the homozygote model as compared with the results of the overall analysis (Fig. 4 and Additional file 1: Table S2), and excluding the study by Patel et al. would have led to a different result in the recessive model as compared with the results of the overall analysis (Fig. 4 and Additional file 1: Table S2). The sensitivity analysis regarding rs2162679 suggests that excluding the study by Nakao et al. would have led to a different result in the heterozygote model, and excluding the study by Canzian et al., or Ennishi et al. would have led to a different result in the dominant model as compared with the results in the overall analysis (Fig. 4 and Additional file 1: Table S2).
Fig. 4
Sensitivity analyses between rs2195239 and rs2162679 polymorphisms and cancer risk. A-E Sensitivity analyses for rs2195239, a: allele model; b: homozygous model; c: heterozygous model; d: dominant model; e: recessive model. f-j Sensitivity analyses for rs2162679, f: allele model; g: homozygous model; h: heterozygous model; i: dominant model; j: recessive model. The fixed-effects model was used
×
The instability of the sensitivity analyses indicated that the number of studies included in our meta-analysis was not sufficient, and the conclusions drawn from the present meta-analysis should be verified in the future.
Publication bias
Egger’s tests were applied to detect publication bias. We did not detect publication bias for rs2195239 (Table 4). However, for rs2162679, there was publication bias in the allele (Egger’s test P = 0.020) and dominant models (Egger’s test P = 0.046, Table 4).
Table 4
Publication bias analysis
Polymorphism
Genetic model
Egger’s test
t
95% Cl
P
rs2195239
C vs. G
−0.58
−1.599-0.982
0.580
CC vs. GG
−1.46
−2.322~0.586
0.194
GC vs. GG
−0.66
−2.785~1.596
0.531
CC + GC vs. GG
−0.76
−2.581~1.364
0.479
CC vs. GC + GG
−1.48
− 2.177~0.534
0.189
rs2162679
G vs. A
4.55
0.750–4.235
0.020
GG vs. AA
1.38
−1.276~3.225
0.262
AG vs. AA
2.14
−1.298~6.601
0.122
GG + AG vs. AA
3.28
0.088~5.706
0.046
GG vs. AG + AA
0.71
−1.883~2.973
0.527
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Discussion
IGF1 stimulates cell proliferation, decreases apoptosis, and is thus involved in cancer development [4]. There have been many well-designed cohort studies, such as the BPC3 cohort, and case-control studies regarding IGF1 polymorphisms and cancer risk in the past few years [29‐31]. We conducted this meta-analysis to summarize the results of these studies regarding the IGF1 gene rs2195239 and rs2162679 polymorphisms and cancer risk.
Several polymorphisms, including rs6214, rs6220, rs5742714, rs1549593, 2,373,722, 10,735,380, 12,821,878, rs2195239, rs2162679, rs35767, rs5742612, and rs7965399, have been reported to be related to disease occurrence [15, 18, 20‐23, 32‐34]. Some of these important polymorphisms, such as rs6214, rs6220, and rs5742714,are located in the 3’UTR region of IGF1, while others, such as rs1549593, 2,373,722, 10,735,380, 12,821,878, rs2195239, and rs2162679, are located in the intron of IGF1. And other polymorphisms, such as rs35767, rs7965399, and rs5742612, are located in other regions of IGF1. Among the polymorphisms located in the intron of IGF1, we chose rs2195239 and 2,162,679 because they have been reported to be related to cancer risk in many studies, and in the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3, the minor allele frequencies (MAFs) of the SNPs were shown to be higher than 20% among most of the populations (Additional file 1: Table S3). There was no close linkage disequilibrium (LD) between rs2162679 and other IGF1 polymorphisms in several populations (data not shown), and there was no close LD between rs2162679 and rs2195239 (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Life is a piece of melodious music composed of A/T/C/G notes, and we always want to explore which notes will affect the tone of the entire musical piece, for example, by causing cancer.
It has been reported that rs2195239 reduces relapse risk in stomach cancer patients after curative gastrectomy [35]. Also, rs2195239 has been shown to have a significant association with the pathological progression of childhood IgA nephropathy [36]. In our meta-analysis, we found that rs2195239 reduced cancer risk in overall analysis, as well as reducing the risk of cancer in Asian populations.
The rs2162679 GG genotype has been reported to be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer, and this effect is more significant in the patients who were diagnosed before turning 55 years old [14]. In our meta-analysis, we found that rs2162679 reduced cancer risk in overall analysis and also reduced cancer risk in Asian populations.
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The IGF1 SNPs affect cancer susceptibility mainly by influencing the serum levels of IGF1. The rs2195239 polymorphism has a reported association with significantly decreased IGF1 levels in the circulation [17]. The effect of rs2162679 on serum IGF1 levels has not been reported previously, and relevant studies of the biological functions of these two polymorphisms are relatively limited. Some studies have been conducted on the biological functions of other IGF1 SNPs that appear to affect cancer susceptibility. For example, rs1520220 may influence the expression of circulating IGF1 by altering the secondary structure of the RNA or DNA [37, 38]. Previously, rs5742714 was observed to create a microRNA binding site for hsa-mir-580 [33]. The possibility of linkages between some SNPs and functional alleles at exons had also been suggested, and this also could influence the serum levels of IGF1 [39]. The biological functions of rs2195239 and rs2162679 and the mechanisms by which they affect cancer susceptibility should be explored further in future studies.
Many researchers now hold that the studies having less than 100 patients do not have sufficient power to reveal genetic associations. We attempted to exclude the studies less than 100 subjects (Birmann et al., 2009) and found that the conclusions remained the same (Additional file 1: Table S4). We noted that the genotyping frequency reported by Patel et al. 2008 is very different from that reported in the other studies. Specifically, the CC genotype seems to have a much higher frequency in Patel et al. as compared to the other studies. We believe that there are two potential reasons for this. One possibility is that this difference in genotype frequency was caused by ethnic differences. Another possibility is that a genotyping error occurred. We removed Patel et al.’s study and conducted a meta-analysis of the other studies (Additional file 1: Table S4). We found that the conclusions remained fundamentally the same. Because Patel’s study was drawn from a huge cohort study, BP3, we decided to retain these data in the meta-analysis, but this difference in genotyping frequency does warrant caution.
The present meta-analysis has several limitations. First, the number of articles included in this study was limited. In the stratified analysis, pooled studies were not performed for a specific ethnic group containing only one single study, such as Caucasians and rs2162679. Secondly, the cancer types included in the study were limited, and this may have introduced bias into the results. For each SNP, the study only included five types of cancers; therefore, confirmation of whether the conclusions drawn from these types of cancer reflect the true relationship between this SNP and the overall cancer risk will require further investigation. In the future, we should verify these conclusions by examining additional types of cancer. Thirdly, the meta-analysis did not consider the potential determinants factors such as gender, age, and alcohol and tobacco intake. Finally, the sample size for the publications included in this study varied substantially. In several studies, the genotype distribution in control groups did not conform to HWE. Moreover, for rs2162679, publication bias was detected, and for both rs2195239 and rs2162679, the results of the sensitivity analyses were unstable. For these reasons, the findings should be interpreted with caution.
Conclusion
In conclusion, meta-analysis suggests that rs2195239 reduces the overall cancer risk in homozygote model, as well as reducing cancer risk in Asian populations in allele, homozygote, and recessive models. No significant relationship was found between rs2195239 and breast or pancreatic cancer risk. rs2162679 reduces the overall cancer risk in allele, homozygote, dominant, and recessive models, as well as reducing cancer risk in Asian populations in allele, homozygote, and recessive models. However, considering the limitations of our meta-analysis and the publication bias between studies, the associations based on present studies should be verified with more studies in the future.
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Acknowledgements
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Funding
Publication costs are funded by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81601826).
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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