Introduction
Materials and methods
Data source
Patient enrollment and data collection
Endpoint
Statistical analysis
Before Matching | Before Matching | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-AKI (n = 1529) | AKI (n = 302) | P-value | Non-AKI (n = 838) | AKI (n = 301) | P-value | ||
Demographic | |||||||
Age (Year) | 64.08 (13.30) | 65.61 (12.81) | 0.066 | 64.70 (13.36) | 65.64 (12.82) | 0.293 | |
Sex (Male) | 1060 (69.3) | 202 (66.9) | 0.442 | 593 (70.8) | 201 (66.8) | 0.223 | |
Vital signs | |||||||
HR (minˉ¹) | 83.96 (17.25) | 88.74 (19.72) | < 0.001 | 87.53 (18.46) | 88.67 (19.72) | 0.366 | |
RR (minˉ¹) | 18.27 (5.33) | 19.04 (5.31) | 0.023 | 18.81 (5.67) | 19.03 (5.31) | 0.552 | |
SBP (mmHg) | 124.68 (21.95) | 120.96 (25.21) | 0.009 | 123.54 (22.35) | 121.10 (25.14) | 0.117 | |
DBP (mmHg) | 71.23 (15.92) | 70.04 (17.35) | 0.242 | 70.92 (16.09) | 70.12 (17.32) | 0.473 | |
MAP (mmHg) | 89.06 (16.03) | 87.01 (18.02) | 0.047 | 88.47 (16.37) | 87.11 (17.97) | 0.228 | |
T (°C) | 36.60 [36.10, 36.90] | 36.55 [36.10, 37.00] | 0.635 | 36.60 [36.10, 36.90] | 36.60 [36.10, 37.00] | 0.433 | |
Medication (n%) | |||||||
Aspirin | 1333 (87.2) | 263 (87.1) | 1 | 721 (86.0) | 262 (87.0) | 0.736 | |
Clopidogrel | 942 (61.6) | 162 (53.6) | 0.012 | 512 (61.1) | 162 (53.8) | 0.033 | |
RAASi | 437 (28.6) | 67 (22.2) | 0.028 | 230 (27.4) | 67 (22.3) | 0.093 | |
MRA | 59 (3.9) | 13 (4.3) | 0.84 | 45 (5.4) | 13 (4.3) | 0.576 | |
β-blocker | 1266 (82.8) | 238 (78.8) | 0.116 | 681 (81.3) | 238 (79.1) | 0.458 | |
Comorbidities (n%) | |||||||
Hypertension | 546 (35.7) | 101 (33.4) | 0.492 | 293 (35.0) | 101 (33.6) | 0.711 | |
T2DM | 226 (14.8) | 55 (18.2) | 0.154 | 113 (13.5) | 55 (18.3) | 0.056 | |
AF | 215 (14.1) | 62 (20.5) | 0.005 | 163 (19.5) | 62 (20.6) | 0.731 | |
CKD | 121 (7.9) | 34 (11.3) | 0.073 | 77 (9.2) | 34 (11.3) | 0.345 | |
OSA | 51 (3.3) | 14 (4.6) | 0.344 | 23 (2.7) | 14 (4.7) | 0.158 |
Results
Baseline characteristics
Before Matching | Before Matching | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-AKI (n = 1529) | AKI (n = 302) | P-value | Non-AKI (n = 838) | AKI (n = 301) | P-value | ||
RBC (m/uL) | 4.22 (0.70) | 4.10 (0.77) | 0.013 | 4.20 (0.74) | 4.10 (0.77) | 0.061 | |
WBC (k/uL) | 11.20 [8.70, 14.50] | 12.35 [9.00, 16.40] | 0.006 | 11.70 [8.80, 15.28] | 12.30 [9.00, 16.40] | 0.143 | |
Platelet (100k/uL) | 2.26 [1.87, 2.73.] | 2.21 [1.77, 2.76] | 0.166 | 2.27 [1.87, 2.77] | 2.20 [1.77, 2.76] | 0.076 | |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.74 (2.13) | 12.35 (2.27) | 0.005 | 12.66 (2.23) | 12.36 (2.28) | 0.043 | |
Hematocrit (%) | 37.66 (5.81) | 36.75 (6.49) | 0.015 | 37.43 (6.09) | 36.75 (6.50) | 0.101 | |
MCV (fL) | 89.45 (5.76) | 90.03 (6.46) | 0.115 | 89.39 (5.74) | 90.01 (6.46) | 0.118 | |
MCH (pg) | 30.28 (2.26) | 30.15 (2.40) | 0.366 | 30.22 (2.23) | 30.16 (2.40) | 0.688 | |
MCHC (%) | 33.85 (1.56) | 33.52 (1.54) | 0.001 | 33.80 (1.56) | 33.53 (1.53) | 0.009 | |
Albumin (mg/dL) | 3.27 (0.46) | 3.15 (0.58) | < 0.001 | 3.26 (0.46) | 3.15 (0.58) | 0.002 | |
ALT (IU/L) | 57.00 [27.00, 88.00] | 58.00 [27.00, 96.00] | 0.145 | 57.00 [27.00, 88.00] | 58.00 [27.00, 96.00] | 0.26 | |
AST (IU/L) | 117.00 [46.00, 139.00] | 117.00 [47.00, 208.50] | 0.159 | 117.00 [45.00, 144.75] | 117.00 [47.00, 198.00] | 0.216 | |
CKMB (IU/L) | 63.00 [13.00, 138.00] | 48.00 [10.00, 118.00] | 0.172 | 59.00 [12.00, 119.00] | 48.00 [10.00, 118.00] | 0.514 | |
TNT | 2.81 [0.47, 4.00] | 1.53 [0.27, 4.00] | 0.044 | 2.49 [0.41, 4.00] | 1.50 [0.27, 4.00] | 0.125 | |
TB (mg/dL) | 0.80 [0.50, 1.70] | 0.70 [0.40, 1.58] | 0.045 | 0.70 [0.40, 1.70] | 0.70 [0.40, 1.60] | 0.147 | |
AP (IU/L) | 89.00 [65.00, 130.00] | 84.00 [62.00, 128.00] | 0.242 | 90.00 [65.00, 130.00] | 84.00 [62.00, 128.00] | 0.184 | |
BUN (mg/dL) | 18.00 [14.00, 25.00] | 21.00 [15.00, 31.00] | < 0.001 | 19.00 [14.00, 27.00] | 21.00 [15.00, 31.00] | 0.001 | |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.00 [0.80, 1.20] | 1.20 [0.90, 1.67] | < 0.001 | 1.00 [0.80, 1.30] | 1.20 [0.90, 1.60] | < 0.001 | |
FBG (mg/dL) | 137.00 [113.00, 181.00] | 164.00 [123.00, 238.00] | < 0.001 | 139.00 [114.00, 189.75] | 163.00 [123.00, 238.00] | < 0.001 | |
TG (mg/dL) | 110.00 [81.00, 162.00] | 114.00 [84.00, 174.00] | 0.1 | 106.00 [80.00, 156.75] | 114.00 [84.00, 174.00] | 0.015 | |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 43.52 [37.00, 49.00] | 43.52 [36.00, 44.75] | 0.025 | 43.52 [37.00, 48.00] | 43.52 [36.00, 45.00] | 0.095 | |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 96.80 [79.00, 111.00] | 96.80 [73.50, 99.00] | 0.068 | 96.80 [79.25, 110.00] | 96.80 [75.00, 99.00] | 0.13 | |
Lactate (mg/dL) | 2.50 [1.80, 2.50] | 2.50 [1.50, 2.80] | 0.084 | 2.50 [1.80, 2.50] | 2.50 [1.50, 2.80] | 0.156 | |
T-CO2 (mEq/L) | 25.00 [23.00, 25.00] | 25.00 [21.00, 25.00] | < 0.001 | 25.00 [22.00, 25.00] | 25.00 [21.00, 25.00] | 0.005 | |
SaO2 (%) | 96.39 (5.08) | 95.56 (6.25) | 0.012 | 96.11 (5.37) | 95.56 (6.26) | 0.149 | |
PCO2 (mmHg) | 41.24 (6.86) | 41.26 (8.17) | 0.956 | 40.95 (7.01) | 41.20 (8.11) | 0.619 | |
AG (mEq/L) | 15.43 (3.60) | 16.63 (4.36) | < 0.001 | 15.74 (3.82) | 16.57 (4.27) | 0.002 | |
BE (mEq/L) | 0.00 [-2.00, 1.00] | -1.00 [-6.00, 0.00] | < 0.001 | 0.00 [-3.00, 1.00] | -1.00 [-6.00, 0.00] | < 0.001 | |
Bicarbonate (mg/dL) | 23.10 (3.93) | 21.68 (4.42) | < 0.001 | 22.87 (4.02) | 21.69 (4.42) | < 0.001 | |
Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.18 (0.61) | 4.26 (0.74) | 0.036 | 4.21 (0.64) | 4.26 (0.74) | 0.293 | |
Sodium (mEq/L) | 138.04 (3.86) | 137.69 (4.38) | 0.164 | 138.17 (3.82) | 137.70 (4.39) | 0.078 | |
Chloride (mEq/L) | 103.11 (4.92) | 102.72 (5.63) | 0.228 | 103.19 (5.00) | 102.77 (5.58) | 0.225 | |
T-Calcium (mEq/L) | 8.59 (0.73) | 8.36 (0.84) | < 0.001 | 8.56 (0.75) | 8.37 (0.83) | < 0.001 | |
Magnesium (mg/dL) | 1.93 (0.31) | 1.99 (0.37) | 0.002 | 1.97 (0.33) | 1.98 (0.36) | 0.497 | |
Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.40 [2.90, 4.00] | 3.70 [3.00, 4.60] | < 0.001 | 3.60 [2.92, 4.10] | 3.70 [3.00, 4.60] | 0.007 | |
INR | 1.20 [1.10, 1.40] | 1.20 [1.10, 1.37] | 0.474 | 1.20 [1.10, 1.40] | 1.20 [1.10, 1.30] | 0.93 | |
PT (s) | 13.30 [12.30, 14.70] | 13.35 [12.30, 14.90] | 0.57 | 13.30 [12.40, 15.00] | 13.30 [12.30, 14.90] | 0.731 | |
APTT (s) | 36.00 [28.00, 62.00] | 37.00 [28.00, 70.75] | 0.547 | 36.00 [28.00, 61.75] | 37.00 [28.00, 70.00] | 0.491 | |
TyG index [(mg/dL)2] | 9.03 (0.73) | 9.30 (0.71) | < 0.001 | 9.03 (0.70) | 9.30 (0.71) | < 0.001 |
Relationship between TyG level and AKI risk
Model1 | Model2 | Model3 | Model4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
TyG index | 1.636 (1.382–1.936) | 1.671 (1.401–1.992) | 1.655 (1.38–1.986) | 1.499 (1.211–1.856) |
TyG index | ||||
Q1 | reference | |||
Q2 | 1.163 (0.771–1.754) | 1.147 (0.758–1.737) | 1.153 (0.759–1.752) | 1.112 (0.722–1.712) |
0.472 | 0.515 | 0.503 | 0.629 | |
Q3 | 2.200 (1.512–3.203) | 2.249 (1.538–3.288) | 2.291 (1.558–3.368) | 2.004 (1.329–3.022) |
<0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |
Q4 | 2.535 (1.751–3.670) | 2.578 (1.765–3.766) | 2.526 (1.712–3.727) | 2.139 (1.382–3.310) |
<0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |
P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
TyG index (per 1 S.D.) | 1.432 (1.266–1.619) | 1.454 (1.279–1.654) | 1.444 (1.265–1.65) | 1.344 (1.150–1.570) |
<0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |