Background
Methods
Echocardiographic examination
Assessment of GV by means of CGM
Statistical analysis
Results
Comparison between clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of high and low GV groups
Variables | All patients (n = 100) |
---|---|
Clinical characteristics | |
Age, years | 60 ± 14 |
Gender (female), n (%) | 45 (45) |
DM duration, years | 10 (0.1–42) |
Body weight, kg | 67 ± 16 |
BSA, m2 | 1.70 ± 0.22 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 129 ± 19 |
Heart rate, bpm | 74 ± 10 |
BUN, mg/dL | 15.6 ± 5.7 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.86 ± 0.43 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 73.4 ± 25.4 |
HbA1c, % | 8.5 ± 1.9 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |
Hypertension | 58 (58) |
Dyslipidemia | 63 (63) |
Anti-hypertensive drugs, n (%) | |
Calcium channel blockers | 38 (38) |
ACE inhibitor/ARB | 54 (54) |
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | 1 (1) |
Anti-diabetic drugs, n (%) | |
DPP-4 inhibitor | 51 (51) |
GLP-1 RA | 11 (11) |
SU | 28 (28) |
α-GI | 23 (23) |
Thiazalidine | 8 (8) |
Metformin | 57 (57) |
SGLT2 inhibitor | 3 (3) |
Echocardiographic parameters | |
LV end-diastolic volume, mL | 76.0 ± 22.0 |
LV end-systolic volume, mL | 26.8 ± 10.7 |
LVEF, % | 65.6 ± 4.9 |
LVMI, g/m2 | 80.0 ± 19.0 |
LAVI, mL/m2 | 30.1 ± 8.0 |
e’, cm/s | 6.05 ± 1.67 |
E/e’ | 10.5 ± 3.4 |
Trans-mitral flow | |
E, cm/s | 59.4 ± 13.7 |
DcT, msec | 207 ± 53 |
E/A | 0.8 ± 0.2 |
Pulmonary venous flow | |
S, cm/s | 65.4 ± 16.1 |
D, cm/s | 41.3 ± 8.0 |
S/D | 1.6 ± 0.4 |
A, cm/s | 38.2 ± 20.0 |
Variables | High GV group (n = 43) | Low GV group (n = 57) | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Clinical characteristics | |||
Age, years | 61.2 ± 15.0 | 59.4 ± 13.1 | 0.53 |
Gender (female), n (%) | 19 (44) | 26 (46) | 0.89 |
DM duration, years | 12 (0.5–42) | 8 (0.1–34) | 0.04 |
Body weight, kg | 63.7 ± 13.4 | 69.6 ± 17.0 | 0.07 |
BSA, m2 | 1.67 ± 0.19 | 1.73 ± 0.24 | 0.15 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 131 ± 21 | 128 ± 17 | 0.44 |
Heart rate, bpm | 72 ± 10 | 76 ± 10 | 0.05 |
BUN, mg/dL | 16.5 ± 5.8 | 15.0 ± 5.6 | 0.20 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.93 ± 0.45 | 0.80 ± 0.40 | 0.13 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 66.2 ± 22.8 | 78.8 ± 25.9 | 0.01 |
HbA1c, % | 8.7 ± 1.9 | 8.3 ± 2.0 | 0.23 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
Hypertension | 26 (60) | 32 (56) | 0.67 |
Dyslipidemia | 25 (58) | 38 (67) | 0.39 |
Anti-hypertensive drugs, n (%) | |||
Calcium channel blockers | 22 (37) | 16 (39) | 0.89 |
ACE inhibitor/ARB | 32 (56) | 22 (51) | 0.63 |
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.25 |
Anti-diabetic drugs, n (%) | |||
DPP-4 inhibitor | 20 (47) | 31 (54) | 0.44 |
GLP-1 RA | 3 (7) | 8 (14) | 0.27 |
SU | 15 (35) | 12 (23) | 0.19 |
α-GI | 10 (23) | 13 (23) | 0.96 |
Thiazalidine | 2 (5) | 6 (11) | 0.29 |
Metformin | 18 (42) | 39 (68) | 0.007 |
SGLT2 inhibitor | 0 (0) | 3 (5) | 0.13 |
Echocardiographic parameters | |||
LV end-diastolic volume, mL | 76.1 ± 23.4 | 75.9 ± 20.9 | 0.97 |
LV end-systolic volume, mL | 25.9 ± 11.3 | 27.5 ± 10.2 | 0.48 |
LVEF, % | 66.8 ± 5.4 | 64.8 ± 4.3 | 0.04 |
LVMI, g/m2 | 81.7 ± 19.4 | 78.5 ± 18.5 | 0.41 |
LAVI, mL/m2 | 31.4 ± 8.8 | 29.2 ± 7.1 | 0.17 |
e’, cm/s | 5.9 ± 1.8 | 6.2 ± 1.5 | 0.44 |
E/e’ | 11.3 ± 3.9 | 9.8 ± 2.8 | 0.03 |
Trans-mitral flow | |||
E, cm/s | 61.1 ± 12.8 | 58.1 ± 14.2 | 0.28 |
DcT, msec | 210 ± 49 | 205 ± 55 | 0.59 |
E/A | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.75 |
Pulmonary venous flow | |||
S, cm/s | 67.2 ± 16.8 | 64.0 ± 15.3 | 0.36 |
D, cm/s | 43.3 ± 8.4 | 40.0 ± 7.3 | 0.04 |
S/D | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 0.65 |
A, cm/s | 42.5 ± 24.9 | 34.8 ± 13.8 | 0.07 |
Association of GV with LV diastolic function
Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p value | OR | 95% CI | p value | |
Age | 1.077 | 1.017–1.141 | 0.011 | 1.070 | 1.012–1.131 | 0.017 |
Female | 2.500 | 0.773–8.089 | 0.126 | |||
Body surface area | 0.076 | 0.004–1.293 | 0.075 | |||
Hypertension | 5.217 | 1.101–24.724 | 0.037 | |||
Dyslipidemia | 1.067 | 0.329–3.462 | 0.914 | |||
HbA1c | 1.042 | 0.788–1.378 | 0.774 | |||
High GV | 4.015 | 1.164–13.852 | 0.028 | 3.670 | 1.019–13.220 | 0.047 |
LVEF | 1.176 | 1.018–1.385 | 0.774 | |||
LVMI | 1.027 | 0.998–1.057 | 0.074 | |||
LAVI | 1.06 | 0.9899–1.1349 | 0.095 |