Background
Methods
Study design
Viral RNA extraction and molecular detection
Primers/Probes | Sequence (5′ > 3′) |
---|---|
Flu A Forward | GACAAAATAACATTCGAAGCAACTGG |
Flu A Reverse | GGGAGGCTGGTGTTTATAGCACC |
Flu A Probea | GCATTCGCAA″t″GGAAAGAAATGCTGG |
Flu B Forward | TCCTCAAYTCACTCTTCGAGCG |
Flu B Reverse | CGGTGCTCTTGACCAAATTGG |
Flu B Probeb | CCAATTCGAGCAGCTGAAACTGCGGTG |
Genotyping of SNPs
Gene (SNP) | Target | Location | Alleles | Context sequence |
---|---|---|---|---|
rs16944 | IL-1β | Chr2: 113594867 | G/A | TACCTTGGGTGCTGTTCTCTGCCTC[G/A] GGAGCTCTCTGTCAATTGCAGGAGC |
rs1800872 | IL-10 | Chr1: 206946407 | T/G | CTTTCCAGAGACTGGCTTCCTACAG[T/G] ACAGGCGGGGTCACAGGATGTGTTC |
rs2275913 | IL-17 | Chr 6: 52051033 | A/G | TGCCCTTCCCATTTTCCTTCAGAAG[A/G] AGAGATTCTTCTATGACCTCATTGG |
rs8099917 | IL-28 | Chr 19: 39743165 | G/T | TTTTGTTTTCCTTTCTGTGAGCAAT[G/T] TCACCCAAATTGGAACCATGCTGTA |
Statistical analysis
Results
Participants
Group | Age (%) | Sex (%) | Total (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Influenza A (H1N1) | <= 20: 7 (14) 21–60: 34 (68) > 60: 9 (18) | Male: 28 (56) Female: 22 (44) | 50 (28.4) |
Influenza B | <= 20: 4 (13.3) 21–60: 15 (50) > 60: 11 (36.7) | Male: 14 (46.7) Female: 16 (53.3) | 30 (17) |
ILI | <= 20: 16 (15.6) 21–60: 45 (46.9) > 60: 33 (34.4) | Male: 42 (44.7) Female: 52 (55.3) | 93(54.5) |
Total | <= 20: 26 (14.8) 21–60: 94 (53.4) > 60: 53 (30.1) | Male: 84 (48.3) Female: 90 (51.7) | 174 (100) |
Groups | Fever | Sore throat | Cough | Rhinorrhea | Dyspnea | Nasal congestion | Thoracic pain | Headache | Anorexia | Vomiting |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flu A (H1N1) | 50 (100%) | 34 (68%) | 44 (88%) | 25 (50%) | 25 (50%) | 46 (92%) | 18 (36%) | 34 (68%) | 17 (34%) | 15 (30%) |
Flu B | 30 (100%) | 21 (70%) | 25 (83%) | 13 (43%) | 18 (60%) | 27 (90%) | 12 (40%) | 23 (76%) | 13 (43%) | 7 (23%) |
Genotyping
Gene and genotype | Flu A (H1N1) (%) | Flu B (%) | ILI (%) | Crude p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
IL-1β; rs16944 | ||||
AA | 6(19.4) | 1(3.2) | 24(77.4) | |
GA | 44(31.9) | 27(19.6) | 67(48.6) |
.008*
|
GG | 0(0) | 2(33.3) | 4(66.7) | |
IL-17; rs2275913 | ||||
AA | 3(20) | 3(20) | 9(60) | |
AG | 16(20) | 10(12.5) | 54(67.5) |
.024*
|
GG | 30(32.5) | 14(18.4) | 32(42.1) | |
IL-10; rs1800872 | ||||
GG | 3(37.5) | 1(3.2) | 4(50) | |
TG | 44(29.5) | 27(19.6) | 77(51.7) | .944 |
TT | 3(27.3) | 2(33.3) | 7(63.6) | |
IL-28; rs8099917 | ||||
GG | 2(33.3) | 0 | 4(66.7) | |
GT | 28(31.1) | 14 | 48(53.3) | .757 |
TT | 20(25.3) | 16 | 43(54.4) |
Gene and genotype/ Allele | Flu A (H1N1) (%) | ILI (%) | Crude p value | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL-1β; rs16944 | |||||||
AA | 6(20) | 24(80) | |||||
GA | 44(39.6) | 67(60.4) | .057 | .185 | |||
GG | 0(0) | 4(100) | |||||
GG vs. GA/AA | 0(0) | 50(35.5) | 4(100) | 91(64.5) | .299 | .000 (.000- NA) | .999 |
AA vs. GG/GA | 6(20) | 44(38.3) | 24 (80) | 71(61.7) | .061 | .295 (.103–.845) | .023 |
A | 56 (56) | 115 (60) | .456 | 1.205(.738–1.967) | |||
G | 44 (44) | 75 (39) | |||||
IL-17;rs2275913 | |||||||
AA | 3(25) | 9(75) | |||||
AG | 16(22.9) | 54(77.1) |
.007*
|
.011*
| |||
GG | 30(48.4) | 32(51.6) | |||||
GG vs. GA/AA | 30(48.4) | 19(23.2) | 32(51.6) | 63(76.8) |
.002*
| 3.072 (1.461–6.461) |
.003*
|
AA vs. AG/GG | 3(25) | 46(34.8) | 9(75) | 86(65.2) | .491 | .635 (.154–2.621) | .530 |
A | 22 | 72 |
.008*
| 2.108(1.207–3.682) | |||
G | 76 | 118 | |||||
IL-10; rs1800872 | |||||||
GG | 3(42.9) | 4(57.1) | .851 | ||||
TG | 44(36.4) | 77(63.6) | .575 | ||||
TT | 3(30) | 7(70) | |||||
TT vs. GG/TG | 3(30) | 47(36.7) | 7(70) | 81(63.3) | .670 | .774 (.183–3.277) | .728 |
GG vs. TG/TT | 3(42.9) | 47(35.9) | 4(57.1) | 84(64.1) | .704 | .810 (.165–3.974) | .795 |
T | 50 | 91 | .785 | 1.071(.655–1.749) | |||
G | 50 | 85 | |||||
IL-28; rs8099917 | |||||||
GG | 2(33.3) | 4(66.7) | |||||
GT | 28(36.8) | 48(63.2) | .863 | .683 | |||
TT | 20(31.7) | 43(68.3) | |||||
TT vs. GG/GT | 20(31.7) | 30(36.6) | 43(68.3) | 52(63.4) | .543 | .658 (.316–1.372) | .264 |
GG vs. GT/TT | 2(33.3) | 48(34.5) | 4(66.7) | 91(65.5) | 1.000 | 1.228 (.206–7.323) | .821 |
T
| 68 | 134 | .656 | 1.126(.667–1.900) | |||
G
| 32 | 56 |
Gene and genotype/Allele | Flu B (%) | ILI (%) | Crude p value | OR (95%CI) | Adjusted P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL-1β; rs16944 | |||||||
AA | 1(4) | 24(96) | |||||
GA | 27(28.7) | 67(71.3) |
.014*
|
.026*
| |||
GG | 2(33.3) | 4(66.7) | |||||
GG vs. GA/AA | 2(33.3) | 28(23.5) | 4(66.7) | 91(76.5) | .629 | 1.549 (.266 9.007) | .626 |
AA vs. GG/GA | 1(4) | 29(29) | 24(96) | 71(71) |
.009*
| .101 (.013–.786) | .029 |
A | 29 | 115 | .096 | 1.639(.914–2.939) | |||
G | 31 | 75 | |||||
IL-17; rs2275913 | |||||||
AA | 3(25) | 9(75) | .176 | .305 | |||
AG | 10(15.6) | 54(84.4) | |||||
GG | 14(30.4) | 32(69.6) | |||||
GG vs. GA/AA | 14(30.4) | 13(17.1) | 32(69.6) | 63(82.9) | .086 | 2.031 (.851 4.849) | .111 |
AA vs. AG/GG | 3(25) | 24(21.8) | 9(75) | 86(78.2) | .801 | 1.227 (.301–4.994) | .775 |
A | 16 | 72 | .264 | 1.449(.754–2.786) | |||
G | 38 | 118 | |||||
IL-10; rs1800872 | |||||||
GG | 1(20) | 4(80) | .871 | .634 | |||
TG | 28(26.7) | 77(73.3) | |||||
TT | 1(12.5) | 7(87.5) | |||||
TT vs. GG/TG | 1(12.5) | 29(26.4) | 7(87.5) | 81(73.6) | .385 | .391 (.046–3.353) | .391 |
GG vs. TG/TT | 1(20) | 29(25.7) | 4(80) | 84(74.3) | 1.000 | .631 (.065–6.127) | .691 |
T | 30 | 91 | .820 | 1.071(.596–1.924) | |||
G | 30 | 85 | |||||
IL-28; rs8099917 | |||||||
GG | 0(0) | 4(100) | .244 | ||||
GT | 14(22.6) | 48(77.4) | .588 | ||||
TT | 16(27.1) | 43(72.9) | |||||
TT vs. GG/GT | 16(27.1) | 14(21.2) | 43(72.9) | 52(78.8) | .440 | 1.314 (.5693.036) | .522 |
GG vs. GT/TT | 4(100) | 91(75.2) | 0(0) | 30(24.8) | .572 | .000 (.000 - NA) | .999 |
T | 46 | 134 | .356 | .728(.371–1.430) | |||
G | 14 | 56 |
Gene and genotype | Flu A & B (%) | ILI (%) | Crude p value | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL-1β; rs16944 | |||||||
AA | 7(22.6) | 24(77.4) | |||||
GA | 71(51.4) | 67(48.6) |
.007*
| ||||
GG | 2(33.3) | 4(66.7) |
.027*
| ||||
GG vs. GA/AA | 2(33.3) | 78(46.2) | 4(66.7) | 91(53.8) | .689 | .547 (.096–3.127) | |
AA vs. GG/GA | 7(22.6) | 73(50.7) | 24 (77.4) | 71(49.3) | .004* | .235 (.091–.610) | |
A | 85 | 115 | .163 | 1.353 (.884–2.070) | |||
G | 75 | 75 | |||||
IL-17; rs2275913 | |||||||
AA | 6(40) | 9(60) | |||||
AG | 26(32.5) | 54(67.5) | .006* |
.019*
| |||
GG | 44(57.9) | 32(42.1) | |||||
GG vs. GA/AA | 44(57.9) | 32(33.7) | 32(42.1) | 63(66.3) |
.002*
| 2.589 (1.3714.889) | |
AA vs. AG/GG | 6(40) | 70(44.9) | 9(60) | 86(55.1) | .717 | .810 (.266–2.467) | |
A | 38 | 72 |
.011*
| 1.831 (1.144–2.928) | |||
G | 114 | 118 | |||||
IL-10; rs1800872 | |||||||
GG | 4(50) | 4(50) | .760 | ||||
TG | 72(48.3) | 77(51.7) | |||||
TT | 4(36.4) | 7(63.6) | .510 | ||||
TT vs. GG/TG | 4(36.4) | 76(48.4) | 7(63.6) | 81(51.6) | .439 | .619 (.170–2.256) | |
GG vs. TG/TT | 4(50) | 76(47.5) | 4(50) | 84(52.5) | 1.000 | .731 (.168–3.178) | |
G | 80 | 85 | .755 | .934 (.609–1.433) | |||
T | 80 | 91 | |||||
IL-28; rs8099917 | |||||||
GG | 2(33.3) | 4(66.7) | |||||
GT | 42(46.7) | 48(53.3) | .889 | ||||
TT | 36(45.6) | 43(54.4) | .784 | ||||
TT vs. GG/GT | 36(45.6) | 44(45.8) | 43(54.4) | 52(54.2) | .972 | .882 (.474–1.641) | |
GG vs. GT/TT | 2(33.3) | 78(46.2) | 4(66.7) | 91(53.8) | .68 | .669 (.116–3.841 | |
G | 46 | 56 | .882 | 1.036 (.652–1.646) | |||
T | 114 | 134 |