Background
Methods
Study design, settings and participants
Questionnaires and serum samples
Metabolic syndrome
Statistical analyses
Results
Fish consumption and components of metabolic syndrome
Associations revealed in the whole sample and among men and women individually
Fish consumption | Pa
| ||
---|---|---|---|
<1/week | ≥1/week | ||
Age (years) | |||
Total | 38.0 (9.66) | 45.6 (11.59) | <0.0001 |
Women | 38.3 (9.93) | 45.0 (11.69) | <0.0001 |
Men | 37.7 (9.37) | 46.3 (11.44) | <0.0001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | |||
Total | 88.6 (12.06) | 89.7 (11.27) | 0.06 |
Women | 83.4 (11.17) | 84.0 (10.72) | 0.5 |
Men | 94.2 (10.40) | 95.0 (9.00) | 0.3 |
Triglycerides (mmol/l)c
| |||
Total | 1.52 (1.05) | 1.51 (1.03) | 0.7 |
Women | 1.22 (0.77) | 1.28 (0.82) | 0.006 |
Men | 1.83 (1.20) | 1.77 (1.18) | 0.04 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)b, c
| |||
Total | 1.45 (0.38) | 1.51 (0.41) | <0.0001 |
Women | 1.60 (0.38) | 1.65 (0.40) | <0.0001 |
Men | 1.28 (0.31) | 1.35 (0.35) | <0.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm hg) | |||
Total | 132.1 (15.8) | 135.6 (18.3) | <0.0001 |
Women | 127.3 (15.90) | 131.8 (18.78) | <0.0001 |
Men | 137.2 (14.06) | 139.8 (16.75) | <0.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm hg) | |||
Total | 77.2 (11.7) | 79.8 (12.8) | <0.0001 |
Women | 75.0 (11.53) | 77.5 (12.78) | <0.0001 |
Men | 79.5 (11.46) | 82.3 (12.41) | <0.0001 |
Glucose (mmol/L)c
| |||
Total | 4.76 (1.18) | 4.87 (1.24) | 0.05 |
Women | 4.80 (1.30) | 4.81 (1.11) | 0.9 |
Men | 4.69 (0.97) | 4.95 (1.38) | 0.01 |
Energy intake (MJ/day) | |||
Total | 7.51 (2.16) | 8.07 (2.21) | <0.0001 |
Women | 6.41 (1.59) | 6.85 (1.61) | <0.0001 |
Men | 8.66 (2.08) | 9.39 (2.00) | <0.0001 |
Consumption of fatty and lean fish, and components of MetS
Total sample | Women | Men | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | 95 % CI | P value | B | 95 % CI | P value | B | 95 % CI | P value | |
Fatty fish | |||||||||
WC | |||||||||
Unadjusted | 0.981 | 0.564 to 1.397 | <0.0001 | 0.870 | 0.283 to 1.458 | 0.004 | 0.737 | 0.281 to 1.192 | 0.002 |
Age adjusted | 0.580 | 0.160 to 0.999 | 0.007 | 0.219 | −0.366 to 0.804 | 0.5 | 0.472 | 0.013 to 0.931 | 0.04 |
Multivariable adjusteda
| 0.417 | −0.087 to 0.920 | 0.1 | 0.774 | 0.046 to 1.502 | 0.04 | 0.707 | 0.164 to 1.250 | 0.01 |
S-TG | |||||||||
Unadjusted | 0.022 | 0.003 to 0.040 | 0.02 | 0.030 | 0.010 to 0.051 | 0.004 | −0.020 | −0.050 to 0.010 | 0.2 |
Age adjusted | −0.011 | −0.030 to 0.008 | 0.2 | −0.021 | −0.042 to 0.000 | 0.05 | −0.029 | −0.060 to 0.001 | 0.06 |
Multivariable adjusteda
| −0.043 | −0.064 to −0.022 | <0.0001 | −0.027 | −0.050 to −0.004 | 0.02 | −0.025 | −0.060 to 0.010 | 0.2 |
HDL-C | |||||||||
Unadjusted | 0.021 | 0.014 to 0.028 | <0.0001 | 0.027 | 0.017 to 0.037 | <0.0001 | 0.035 | 0.026 to 0.043 | <0.0001 |
Age adjusted | 0.007 | 0.000 to 0.015 | 0.06 | 0.013 | 0.002 to 0.023 | 0.02 | 0.018 | 0.010 to 0.027 | <0.0001 |
Multivariable adjusteda
| 0.025 | 0.017 to 0.033 | <0.0001 | 0.012 | 0.000 to 0.024 | 0.05 | 0.017 | 0.007 to 0.027 | 0.001 |
SBP | |||||||||
Unadjusted | 2.379 | 2.063 to 2.694 | <0.0001 | 2.812 | 2.356 to 3.269 | <0.0001 | 1.417 | 1.009 to 1.826 | <0.0001 |
Age adjusted | 0.190 | −0.115 to 0.495 | 0.2 | −0.136 | −0.559 to 0.287 | 0.5 | 0.073 | −0.334 to 0.481 | 0.7 |
Multivariable adjusteda
| −0.362 | −0.698 to −0.025 | 0.04 | −0.167 | −0.637 to 0.303 | 0.5 | −0.039 | −0.493 to 0.416 | 0.9 |
DBP | |||||||||
Unadjusted | 1.649 | 1.424 to 1.875 | <0.0001 | 1.586 | 1.269 to 1.904 | <0.0001 | 1.412 | 1.103 to 1.720 | <0.0001 |
Age adjusted | 0.051 | −0.166 to 0.268 | 0.6 | −0.110 | −0.416 to 0.196 | 0.5 | −0.023 | −0.319 to 0.274 | 0.9 |
Multivariable adjusteda
| −0.196 | −0.439 to 0.046 | 0.1 | −0.013 | −0-355 to 0.329 | 0.9 | −0.073 | −0.4008 to 0.262 | 0.7 |
Glucoseb
| |||||||||
Unadjusted | 0.050 | 0.008 to 0.092 | 0.02 | −0.008 | −0.060 to 0.044 | 0.8 | 0.113 | 0.044 to 0.182 | 0.001 |
Age adjusted | 0.020 | −0.022 to 0.063 | 0.3 | −0.030 | −0.083 to 0.023 | 0.3 | 0.078 | 0.009 to 0.148 | 0.03 |
Multivariable adjusteda
| 0.022 | −0.028 to 0.071 | 0.4 | −0.023 | −0.080 to 0.034 | 0.4 | 0.088 | 0.004 to 0.171 | 0.04 |
Lean fish | |||||||||
WC | |||||||||
Unadjusted | 0.687 | 0.279 to 1.095 | 0.001 | 0.394 | −0.153 to 0.941 | 0.2 | 0.579 | 0.114 to 1.044 | 0.02 |
Age adjusted | 0.026 | −0.396 to 0.448 | 0.9 | −0.472 | −1.022 to 0.078 | 0.09 | 0.045 | −0.445 to 0.534 | 0.9 |
Multivariable adjusteda
| −0.713 | −1.234 to −0.192 | 0.007 | −0.450 | −1.157 to 0.258 | 0.2 | 0.069 | −0.524 to 0.663 | 0.8 |
S-TG | |||||||||
Unadjusted | 0.007 | −0.010 to 0.024 | 0.4 | 0.043 | 0.024 to 0.062 | <0.0001 | −0.035 | −0.063 to −0.008 | 0.01 |
Age adjusted | −0.037 | −0.055 to −0.019 | <0.0001 | −0.016 | −0.035 to 0.004 | 0.1 | −0.052 | −0.081 to −0.022 | 0.001 |
Multivariable adjusteda
| −0.062 | −0.082 to −0.043 | <0.0001 | −0.014 | −0.035 to 0.007 | 0.2 | −0.041 | −0.075 to −0.008 | 0.02 |
HDL-C | |||||||||
Unadjusted | 0.028 | 0.022 to 0.035 | <0.0001 | 0.023 | 0.013 to 0.032 | <0.0001 | 0.038 | 0.030 to 0.046 | <0.0001 |
Age adjusted | 0.012 | 0.005 to 0.019 | 0.001 | 0.007 | −0.003 to 0.017 | 0.2 | 0.016 | 0.007 to 0.024 | <0.0001 |
Multivariable adjusteda
| 0.030 | 0.022 to 0.037 | <0.0001 | 0.005 | −0.006 to 0.016 | 0.4 | 0.012 | 0.003 to 0.022 | 0.01 |
SBP | |||||||||
Unadjusted | 2.731 | 2.438 to 3.024 | <0.0001 | 3.328 | 2.907 to 3.749 | <0.0001 | 2.014 | 1.632 to 2.395 | <0.0001 |
Age adjusted | −0.034 | −0.324 to 0.256 | 0.8 | 0.074 | −0.322 to 0.470 | 0.7 | 0.081 | −0.315 to 0.477 | 0.7 |
Multivariable adjusteda
| −0.375 | −0.690 to −0.060 | 0.02 | 0.393 | −0.041 to 0.026 | 0.08 | 0.072 | −0.364 to 0.508 | 0.7 |
DBP | |||||||||
Unadjusted | 1.776 | 1.568 to 1.984 | <0.0001 | 1.655 | 1.364 to 1.946 | <0.0001 | 1.837 | 1.551 to 2.124 | <0.0001 |
Age adjusted | −0.227 | −0.433 to −0.022 | 0.03 | −0.214 | −0.498 to 0.069 | 0.1 | −0.214 | −0.502 to 0.073 | 0.1 |
Multivariable adjusteda
| −0.396 | −0.596 to −0.142 | 0.001 | −0.057 | −0.373 to 0.260 | 0.7 | −0.072 | −0.393 to 0.249 | 0.7 |
Glucoseb
| |||||||||
Unadjusted | 0.063 | 0.022 to 0.104 | 0.003 | 0.011 | −0.039 to 0.060 | 0.7 | 0.127 | 0.058 to 0.197 | <0.0001 |
Age adjusted | 0.021 | −0.022 to 0.063 | 0.3 | −0.015 | −0.066 to 0.036 | 0.6 | 0.062 | −0.011 to 0.136 | 0.1 |
Multivariable adjusteda
| 0.044 | −0.006 to 0.094 | 0.09 | 0.033 | −0.021 to 0.088 | 0.2 | 0.071 | −0.021 to 0.163 | 0.1 |
Fish consumption and metabolic syndrome
N | % | |
---|---|---|
Total sample | 1927 | 8.1 |
Women | 869 | 7.0 |
<45 years | 107 | 1.6 |
45–59 years | 342 | 8.6 |
60–70 years | 420 | 25.8 |
Men | 1058 | 9.2 |
<45 years | 210 | 3.5 |
45–59 years | 483 | 12.1 |
60–70 years | 365 | 24.4 |
Model | Age group | B | OR | 95 % CI | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Both fatty and lean | |||||
1 | <45 years | 0.082 | 1.09 | 0.83–1.42 | 0.6 |
1 | 45–59 years | 0.189 | 1.21 | 0.93–1.57 | 0.2 |
1 | 60–70 years | −0.444 | 0.64 | 0.45–0.91 | 0.01 |
2 | <45 years | 0.057 | 1.06 | 0.81–1.39 | 0.7 |
2 | 45–59 years | 0.202 | 1.22 | 0.94–1.60 | 0.1 |
2 | 60–70 years | −0.427 | 0.65 | 0.46–0.93 | 0.02 |
3 | <45 years | −0.142 | 0.87 | 0.52–1.45 | 0.6 |
3 | 45–59 years | 0.104 | 1.11 | 0.72–1.70 | 0.6 |
3 | 60–70 years | −0.141 | 0.87 | 0.51–1.49 | 0.6 |
Fatty fish | |||||
1 | <45 years | 0.207 | 1.23 | 0.95–1.59 | 0.1 |
1 | 45–59 years | 0.124 | 1.13 | 0.97–1.33 | 0.1 |
1 | 60–70 years | 0.126 | 1.13 | 0.94–1.37 | 0.2 |
2 | <45 years | 0.210 | 1.23 | 0.95–1.60 | 0.1 |
2 | 45–59 years | 0.120 | 1.13 | 0.96–1.33 | 0.1 |
2 | 60–70 years | 0.122 | 1.13 | 0.93–1.37 | 0.2 |
3 | <45 years | 0.324 | 1.38 | 0.87–2.20 | 0.2 |
3 | 45–59 years | 0.179 | 1.20 | 0.91–1.57 | 0.2 |
3 | 60–70 years | 0.211 | 1.24 | 0.91–1.67 | 0.2 |
Lean fish | |||||
1 | <45 years | 0.023 | 1.02 | 0.79–1.32 | 0.9 |
1 | 45–59 years | 0.043 | 1.04 | 0.84–1.30 | 0.7 |
1 | 60–70 years | −0.439 | 0.65 | 0.48–0.87 | 0.004 |
2 | <45 years | 0.000 | 1.00 | 0.77–1.30 | 1.0 |
2 | 45–59 years | 0.066 | 1.07 | 0.85–1.34 | 0.6 |
2 | 60–70 years | −0.439 | 0.65 | 0.48–0.87 | 0.004 |
3 | <45 years | −0.111 | 0.90 | 0.55–1.46 | 0.7 |
3 | 45–59 years | −0.045 | 0.96 | 0.66–1.38 | 0.8 |
3 | 60–70 years | −0.268 | 0.77 | 0.49–1.20 | 0.2 |