Background
Methods
Study population and data collection
Biochemical measurements and questionnaires
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
Quartile (n) (ng/mL) | Quartile 1 (n = 245) (4.20–14.19) | Quartile 2 (n = 245) (14.20–18.99) | Quartile 3 (n = 249) (19.00–24.19) | Quartile 4 (n = 248) (24.20–51.90) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25(OH)D, ng/mL | 10.90 ± 2.28 | 16.53 ± 1.39 | 21.41 ± 1.50 | 29.67 ± 5.34 | < 0.001 |
Age, yr | 73.01 ± 4.87 | 72.38 ± 4.14 | 72.59 ± 4.47 | 73.27 ± 4.87 | 0.132 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.99 ± 2.63 | 24.19 ± 2.61 | 23.65 ± 2.67 | 23.60 ± 2.90† | 0.053 |
Waist, cm | 87.49 ± 8.13 | 86.68 ± 8.44 | 86.43 ± 8.78 | 83.48 ± 9.33*†‡ | < 0.001 |
SBP, mmHg | 125.89 ± 14.50 | 128.51 ± 14.24 | 129.70 ± 14.41 | 128.86 ± 13.88 | 0.370 |
DBP, mmHg | 74.10 ± 8.91 | 73.68 ± 9.28 | 75.23 ± 8.35 | 73.02 ± 7.90 | 0.420 |
Current smoking | 42 (17.1) | 53 (21.6) | 36 (14.5) | 53 (21.4) | 0.117 |
Current drinking | 205 (66.6) | 194 (64.2) | 138 (58) | 72 (51.8) | 0.011 |
Exercise | 151 (61.4) | 164 (66.9) | 164 (65.9) | 132 (53.2) | 0.007 |
eGFR | 77.5 ± 15.11 | 79.8 ± 14.03 | 81.06 ± 13.19* | 80.13 ± 13.44 | 0.036 |
PTH | 39.68 ± 14.13 | 38.07 ± 17.25 | 35.80 ± 12.07 | 33.83 ± 11.62*† | < 0.001 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 101.59 ± 23.61 | 100.47 ± 20.17 | 99.91 ± 19.90 | 97.50 ± 19.93 | 0.171 |
Insulin, IU/L | 7.53 ± 8.31 | 7.57 ± 12.22 | 6.12 ± 4.26 | 5.18 ± 3.26*† | 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.93 ± 2.24 | 1.86 ± 2.42 | 1.55 ± 1.24 | 1.29 ± 0.99*† | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 174.51 ± 32.91 | 172.92 ± 33.72 | 173.93 ± 33.09 | 163.70 ± 29.95*†‡ | < 0.001 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 138.69 ± 78.55 | 128.43 ± 71.30 | 125.45 ± 61.22 | 110.31 ± 46.04*† | < 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 45.99 ± 12.13 | 47.89 ± 12.56 | 46.98 ± 10.45 | 48.15 ± 11.26 | 0.157 |
Number of MetS components | 2.22 ± 1.30 | 2.16 ± 1.23 | 2.02 ± 1.25 | 1.73 ± 1.18*† | < 0.001 |
Quartile (n) (ng/mL) | Quartile 1 (n = 487) (4.10–11.19) | Quartile 2 (n = 491) (11.20–15.59) | Quartile 3 (n = 484) (15.60–21.59) | Quartile 4 (n = 487) (21.60–54.90) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25(OH)D, ng/mL | 8.72 ± 1.67 | 13.28 ± 1.28 | 18.31 ± 1.70 | 28.15 ± 5.56 | < 0.001 |
Age, yr | 72.16 ± 4.68 | 71.07 ± 4.71 | 71.27 ± 4.35 | 71.45 ± 4.54*†‡ | 0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.69 ± 2.92 | 25.07 ± 3.31 | 24.74 ± 3.11 | 23.58 ± 2.85*†‡ | < 0.001 |
Waist, cm | 83.49 ± 8.71 | 83.63 ± 9.13 | 83.14 ± 8.52 | 81.07 ± 8.54*†‡ | < 0.001 |
SBP, mmHg | 129.69 ± 15.75 | 128.51 ± 16.42 | 125.83 ± 15.46 | 124.69 ± 15.21* | 0.026 |
DBP, mmHg | 74.15 ± 7.96 | 73.32 ± 8.65 | 72.55 ± 8.75 | 72.96 ± 9.28 | 0.451 |
Current smoking | 7 (1.4) | 12 (2.4) | 5 (1) | 5 (1) | 0.216 |
Current drinking | 99 (23.2) | 91 (20.6) | 145 (28.4) | 137 (24) | 0.043 |
Exercise | 293 (60.2) | 308 (62.7) | 294 (60.7) | 294 (60.4) | 0.855 |
eGFR | 81.04 ± 15.49 | 82.51 ± 13.94 | 82.74 ± 13.23 | 83.68 ± 11.50* | 0.024 |
PTH | 46.36 ± 19.35 | 41.12 ± 14.40 | 37.70 ± 14.11 | 36.28 ± 13.80*† | < 0.001 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 96.11 ± 16.34 | 99.40 ± 20.33 | 98.17 ± 19.57 | 95.76 ± 15.56† | 0.004 |
Insulin, IU/L | 7.63 ± 4.79 | 8.09 ± 5.69 | 7.60 ± 5.07 | 6.85 ± 7.55† | 0.011 |
HOMA-IR | 1.85 ± 1.35 | 2.07 ± 1.67 | 1.89 ± 1.47 | 1.68 ± 2.23† | 0.005 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 190.70 ± 38.79 | 185.70 ± 32.22 | 187.60 ± 36.56 | 180.07 ±34.45*‡ | < 0.001 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 143.47 ± 72.92 | 127.91 ± 61.37 | 128.05 ± 57.94 | 115.83 ± 51.41*†‡ | < 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 49.85 ± 12.58 | 51.63 ± 12.61 | 52.29 ± 12.13 | 52.30 ± 12.12* | 0.005 |
Number of MetS components | 2.65 ± 1.29 | 2.52 ± 1.30 | 2.50 ± 1.32 | 2.26 ± 1.31*†‡ | < 0.001 |
Association of serum 25(OH)D levels with MetS and its components
25(OH)D | Metabolic syndrome | Abdominal obesity | Hypertension | Hyperglycemia | Hypertriglyceridemia | low HDL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Univariate OR | |||||
Quartile 1 | 2.22 (1.52–3.24) | 2.03 (1.39–2.99) | 0.96 (0.65–1.43) | 1.48 (1.03–2.13) | 2.13 (1.40–3.24) | 1.77 (1.18–2.63) |
Quartile 2 | 1.85 (1.26–2.70) | 1.93 (1.32–2.84) | 1.05 (0.70–1.56) | 1.72 (1.20–2.47) | 1.78 (1.16–2.74) | 1.35 (0.90–2.03) |
Quartile 3 | 1.57 (1.07–2.30) | 1.73 (1.17–2.54) | 1.05 (0.71–1.56) | 1.26 (0.88–1.82) | 1.78 (1.16–2.73) | 1.07 (0.70–1.62) |
Quartile 4 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.860 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Women Univariate OR | ||||||
Quartile 1 | 1.98 (1.60–2.44) | 1.42 (1.09–1.84) | 1.30 (0.98–1.72) | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) | 2.13 (1.60–2.83) | 1.37 (1.06–1.76) |
Quartile 2 | 1.40 (1.09–1.81) | 1.35 (1.04–1.74) | 1.20(0.91–1.58) | 1.30 (1.00–1.69) | 1.43 (1.07–1.92) | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) |
Quartile 3 | 1.43 (1.11–1.85) | 1.43 (1.10–1.85) | 1.21 (0.92–1.60) | 1.17 (0.90–1.53) | 1.43 (1.06–1.92) | 1.05 (0.81–1.35) |
Quartile 4 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
P for trend | < 0.001 | 0.017 | 0.082 | 0.343 | 0.001 | 0.013 |
Men | Vitamin D level | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st quartile | 2nd quartile | 3rd quartile | 4th quartile | ||||
OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | ||
Metabolic syndrome | |||||||
Model 1 | 2.22 | (1.52 – 3.24) | 1.84 | (1.26 – 2.70) | 1.56 | (1.06 – 2.30) | 1 (Reference) |
Model 2 | 2.27 | (1.55 – 3.33) | 1.87 | (1.27 – 2.75) | 1.55 | (1.05 – 2.28) | |
Model 3 | 2.03 | (1.34 – 3.07) | 1.70 | (1.14 – 2.55) | 1.45 | (0.98 – 2.16) | |
Model 4 | 2.25 | (1.48 – 3.43) | 1.83 | (1.22 – 2.74) | 1.51 | (1.02 – 2.24) | |
Abdominal obesity | |||||||
Model 1 | 2.03 | (1.38 – 2.98) | 1.92 | (1.31 – 2.83) | 1.72 | (1.17 – 2.53) | 1 |
Model 2 | 2.10 | (1.43 –3.10) | 1.99 | (1.35 – 2.93) | 1.73 | (1.17 – 2.56) | |
Model 3 | 1.81 | (1.19 – 2.75) | 1.79 | (1.19 – 2.68) | 1.64 | (1.10 – 2.44) | |
Model 4 | 1.81 | (1.19 – 2.77) | 1.79 | (1.19 – 2.69) | 1.64 | (1.10 – 2.45) | |
Hypertension | |||||||
Model 1 | 0.97 | (0.65 – 1.44) | 1.07 | (0.72 – 1.60) | 1.07 | (0.72 – 1.59) | 1 |
Model 2 | 1.03 | (0.69 – 1.55) | 1.10 | (0.73 – 1.65) | 1.05 | (0.70 – 1.57) | |
Model 3 | 1.05 | (0.68 – 1.62) | 1.10 | (0.72 – 1.69) | 1.04 | (0.69 – 1.57) | |
Model 4 | 1.07 | (0.69 – 1.67) | 1.12 | (0.73 – 1.72) | 1.05 | (0.69 – 1.59) | |
Hyperglycemia | |||||||
Model 1 | 1.48 | (1.03 – 2.13) | 1.72 | (1.20 – 2.47) | 1.26 | (0.88 – 1.82) | 1 |
Model 2 | 1.49 | (1.03 – 2.14) | 1.69 | (1.17 – 2.44) | 1.22 | (0.85 – 1.76) | |
Model 3 | 1.18 | (0.79 – 1.75) | 1.42 | (0.97 – 2.09) | 1.10 | (0.75 – 1.60) | |
Model 4 | 1.34 | (0.90 – 2.01) | 1.57 | (1.06 – 2.31) | 1.15 | (0.79 – 1.68) | |
Hypertriglycemia | |||||||
Model 1 | 2.11 | (1.38 – 3.23) | 1.74 | (1.13 – 2.67) | 1.74 | (1.14 – 2.68) | 1 |
Model 2 | 2.27 | (1.47 – 3.48) | 1.79 | (1.16 – 2.76) | 1.83 | (1.19 – 2.82) | |
Model 3 | 2.41 | (1.51 – 3.86) | 1.87 | (1.19 – 2.96) | 1.89 | (1.21 – 2.94) | |
Model 4 | 2.77 | (1.72 – 4.48) | 2.05 | (1.29 – 3.25) | 1.99 | (1.28 – 3.11) | |
Low HDL | |||||||
Model 1 | 1.76 | (1.18 – 2.63) | 1.34 | (0.89 – 2.02) | 1.06 | (0.70 – 1.62) | 1 |
Model 2 | 1.61 | (1.07 – 2.41) | 1.30 | (0.86 – 1.97) | 1.04 | (0.68 – 1.59) | |
Model 3 | 1.55 | (1.00 – 2.41) | 1.28 | (0.83 – 1.98) | 1.04 | (0.67 – 1.61) | |
Model 4 | 1.70 | (1.09 – 2.67) | 1.36 | (0.88 – 2.12) | 1.07 | (0.69 – 1.66) |
Women | Vitamin D level | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st quartile | 2nd quartile | 3rd quartile | 4th quartile | ||||
OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | ||
Metabolic syndrome | |||||||
Model 1 | 1.63 | (1.27 – 2.11) | 1.43 | (1.11 – 1.84) | 1.45 | (1.12 – 1.86) | 1 (reference) |
Model 2 | 1.35 | (1.27 – 2.12) | 1.45 | (1.12 – 1.86) | 1.45 | (1.12 – 1.87) | |
Model 3 | 1.61 | (1.24 – 2.09) | 1.42 | (1.10 – 1.84) | 1.43 | (1.11 – 1.84) | |
Model 4 | 1.65 | (1.27 – 2.16) | 1.44 | (1.12 – 1.87) | 1.43 | (1.11 – 1.85) | |
Abdominal obesity | |||||||
Model 1 | 1.39 | (1.07 – 1.81) | 1.36 | (1.05 – 1.76) | 1.44 | (1.11 – 1.86) | 1 |
Model 2 | 1.39 | (1.08 – 1.81) | 1.36 | (1.05 – 1.77) | 1.44 | (1.11 – 1.87) | |
Model 3 | 1.33 | (1.02 – 1.74) | 1.33 | (1.03 – 1.73) | 1.42 | (1.09 – 1.84) | |
Model 4 | 1.28 | (0.97 – 1.68) | 1.30 | (1.00 – 1.70) | 1.41 | (1.08 – 1.83) | |
Hypertension | |||||||
Model 1 | 1.24 | (0.94 – 1.65) | 1.24 | (0.94 – 1.64) | 1.23 | (0.93 – 1.63) | 1 |
Model 2 | 1.24 | (0.94 – 1.65) | 1.24 | (0.94 – 1.64) | 1.23 | (0.93 – 1.63) | |
Model 3 | 1.30 | (0.97 – 1.73) | 1.27 | (0.96 – 1.68) | 1.25 | (0.94 – 1.66) | |
Model 4 | 1.24 | (0.92 – 1.66) | 1.24 | (0.93 – 1.64) | 1.24 | (0.93 – 1.64) | |
Hyperglycemia | |||||||
Model 1 | 1.09 | (0.83 – 1.42) | 1.31 | (1.01 – 1.71) | 1.18 | (0.90 – 1.54) | 1 |
Model 2 | 1.08 | (0.83 – 1.42) | 1.31 | (1.00 – 1.70) | 1.18 | (0.90 – 1.54) | |
Model 3 | 1.05 | (0.80 – 1.38) | 1.28 | (0.98 – 1.67) | 1.15 | (0.88 – 1.51) | |
Model 4 | 1.14 | (0.86 – 1.51) | 1.33 | (1.02 – 1.75) | 1.17 | (0.89 – 1.53) | |
Hypertriglycemia | |||||||
Model 1 | 2.14 | (1.61 – 2.85) | 1.42 | (1.06 – 1.91) | 1.43 | (1.06 – 1.91) | 1 |
Model 2 | 2.16 | (1.62 – 2.88) | 1.44 | (1.07 – 1.44) | 1.43 | (1.06 – 1.92) | |
Model 3 | 2.12 | (1.59 – 2.84) | 1.44 | (1.07 – 1.93) | 1.43 | (1.06 – 1.93) | |
Model 4 | 2.14 | (1.59 – 2.89) | 1.44 | (1.07 – 1.95) | 1.43 | (1.07 – 1.93) | |
Low HDL | |||||||
Model 1 | 1.35 | (1.05 – 1.73) | 1.13 | (0.88 – 1.46) | 1.05 | (0.82 – 1.35) | 1 |
Model 2 | 1.36 | (1.05 – 1.75) | 1.15 | (0.90 – 1.49) | 1.05 | (0.82 – 1.35) | |
Model 3 | 1.38 | (1.07 – 1.79) | 1.17 | (0.90 – 1.50) | 1.06 | (0.82 – 1.37) | |
Model 4 | 1.39 | (1.07 – 1.81) | 1.17 | (0.91 – 1.51) | 1.06 | (0.82 – 1.37) |