Background
Methods
Subjects
Evaluation of confounding factors
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline and follow-up characteristics
Characteristics N = 393 | Baseline | Follow-up | Change | p-value* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Women | ||||
Age (years) | 59 ± 8 | 71 ± 8 | 12 ± 0.5 |
< 0.001
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.0 | 22.4 ± 3.2 | − 0.8 ± 1.8 |
< 0.001
|
Smoking statusa (%) | 58.0/36.4/5.3/0.3 | 97.7/1.5/0.5/0.3 | 39.3/− 34.9/− 4.7/0 |
< 0.001
|
Alcohol consumptionb (%) | 98.2/0.8/1.0/0 | 70.0/24.0/3.6/2.3 | − 28.2/23.2/2.6/2.3 |
< 0.001
|
History of CVD, N (%) | 2.8 | 4.6 | 1.8 | 0.108 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 ± 22 | 137 ± 17 | 5 ± 19 |
< 0.001
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 ± 12 | 77 ± 9 | − 1 ± 11 |
0.008
|
Antihypertensive medication (%) | 16.0 | 45.0 | 29.0 |
< 0.001
|
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 87 (65–114) | 87 (65–116) | − 2 ± 49 | 0.352 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 65 ± 16 | 69 ± 17 | 4 ± 12 |
< 0.001
|
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 127 ± 31 | 124 ± 29 | − 3 ± 37 | 0.065 |
Lipid-lowering medication (%) | 6.1 | 32.6 | 26.5 |
< 0.001
|
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 83.1 ± 16.6 | 71.0 ± 12.4 | − 12.1 ± 11.8 |
< 0.001
|
Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.4 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 0.4 ± 0.9 |
< 0.001
|
Diabetes (%) | 2.3 | 7.4 | 5.1 |
< 0.001
|
HbA1c | 4.8 (4.7–5.0) | 5.7 (5.5–5.9) | 0.8 ± 0.4 |
< 0.001
|
Characteristics N = 279 | Baseline | Follow-up | Change | p-value* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Men | ||||
Age (years) | 59 ± 10 | 71 ± 10 | 12 ± 0.5 |
< 0.001
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 2.8 | 23.0 ± 2.9 | − 0.5 ± 1.6 |
< 0.001
|
Smoking statusa (%) | 9.7/28.3/35.8/26.2 | 44.1/39.4/4.7/11.8 | 34.4/11.1/-31.1/-14.4 |
< 0.001
|
Alcohol consumptionb (%) | 45.5/25.1/9.0/20.4 | 24.0/21.9/18.6/35.5 | − 21.5/− 3.2/9.6/15.1 |
< 0.001
|
History of CVD, N (%) | 6.1 | 10.8 | 4.7 |
0.009
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135 ± 20 | 135 ± 17 | − 0 ± 20 | 0.715 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 84 ± 12 | 79 ± 11 | − 4 ± 13 |
< 0.001
|
Antihypertensive medication, N (%) | 18.3 | 46.6 | 28.3 |
< 0.001
|
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 100 (73–139) | 89 (67–126) | − 18 ± 79 |
< 0.001
|
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 58 ± 14 | 60 ± 15 | 2 ± 12 |
0.010
|
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 109 ± 33 | 114 ± 30 | 5 ± 31 |
0.008
|
Lipid-lowering medication, N (%) | 2.2 | 12.9 | 10.7 |
< 0.001
|
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 83.0 ± 16.7 | 69.7 ± 12.2 | − 13.2 ± 12.8 |
< 0.001
|
Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.8 ± 1.3 | 5.9 ± 1.3 | 0.1 ± 1.1 | 0.105 |
Diabetes, N (%) | 5.7 | 12.5 | 6.8 |
0.001
|
HbA1c | 4.9 (4.7–5.3) | 5.6 (5.4–6.0) | 0.7 ± 0.7 |
< 0.001
|
Baseline characteristics of participants categorized by baseline and changes in SUA
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | p-value* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline serum uric acid | < 4.0 mg/dL | ≥ 4.0 mg/dL | < 4.0 mg/dL | ≥ 4.0 mg/dL | |
Changes in serum uric acid | < 0.8 mg/dL | < 0.8 mg/dL | ≥ 0.8 mg/dL | ≥ 0.8 mg/dL | |
Baseline characteristics N = 393 | N = 88 | N = 193 | N = 49 | N = 63 | |
Women | |||||
Age (years) | 59 ± 8 | 59 ± 7 | 60 ± 8 | 60 ± 8 | 0.714 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.0 ± 2.8 | 23.6 ± 3.1 | 22.7 ± 2.7 | 24.3 ± 2.8 |
< 0.001
|
Smoking status (%) | 64.8/31.8/3.4/0 | 54.9/36.8/7.8/0.5 | 65.3/34.7/0/0 | 52.4/42.9/4.8/0 | 0.391 |
Alcohol consumption (%) | 98.9/0/1.1/0 | 98.4/1.0/0.5/0 | 100/0/0/0 | 95.2/1.6/3.2/0 | 0.453 |
History of CVD, % | 4.5 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 3.2 | 0.683 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126 ± 20 | 133 ± 21 | 132 ± 22 | 138 ± 22 |
0.003
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76 ± 12 | 79 ± 11 | 77 ± 11 | 82 ± 12 |
0.007
|
Antihypertensive medication (%) | 4.5 | 16.6 | 14.3 | 31.7 |
< 0.001
|
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 79 (62–97) | 91 (68–126) | 76 (63–95) | 97 (63–124) |
0.024
|
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 66 ± 14 | 65 ± 16 | 66 ± 14 | 64 ± 17 | 0.767 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 124 ± 30 | 131 ± 30 | 119 ± 34 | 126 ± 31 | 0.057 |
Lipid-lowering medication (%) | 3.4 | 6.7 | 4.1 | 9.5 | 0.410 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 91.4 ± 15.5 | 80.1 ± 15.7 | 84.9 ± 15.8 | 79.2 ± 17.5 |
< 0.001
|
Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 4.7 ± 0.6 |
< 0.001
|
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | p-value* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline serum uric acid | < 5.3 mg/dL | ≥ 5.3 mg/dL | < 5.3 mg/dL | ≥ 5.3 mg/dL | |
Changes in serum uric acid | < 0.4 mg/dL | < 0.4 mg/dL | ≥ 0.4 mg/dL | ≥ 0.4 mg/dL | |
Baseline characteristics N = 279 | N = 46 | N = 132 | N = 49 | N = 52 | |
Men | |||||
Age (years) | 62 ± 9 | 58 ± 11 | 64 ± 7 | 58 ± 9 |
< 0.001
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 2.8 | 23.8 ± 2.7 | 23.0 ± 2.4 | 24.1 ± 2.9 |
0.011
|
Smoking status (%) | 13.0/32.6/34.8/19.6 | 8.3/28.8/37.9/25.0 | 10.2/34.7/32.7/22.4 | 9.6/17.3/34.6/38.5 | 0.488 |
Alcohol consumption (%) | 60.9/15.2/4.3/19.6 | 48.5/25.8/11.4/14.4 | 38.8/26.5/10.2/24.5 | 30.8/30.8/5.8/32.7 |
0.044
|
History of CVD, % | 6.5 | 2.3 | 4.1 | 17.3 |
0.002
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134 ± 21 | 133 ± 19 | 138 ± 21 | 138 ± 19 | 0.298 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 84 ± 11 | 83 ± 11 | 83 ± 12 | 87 ± 11 | 0.115 |
Antihypertensive medication (%) | 17.4 | 16.7 | 20.4 | 21.2 | 0.875 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 89 (75–109) | 105 (79–155) | 82 (57–107) | 111 (74–166) |
0.001
|
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 62 ± 17 | 58 ± 14 | 58 ± 13 | 57 ± 14 | 0.234 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 107 ± 27 | 110 ± 34 | 117 ± 33 | 102 ± 34 | 0.165 |
Lipid-lowering medication (%) | 2.2 | 0.8 | 0 | 7.7 |
0.020
|
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 87.0 ± 14.4 | 80.2 ± 16.3 | 86.3 ± 19.1 | 83.2 ± 16.5 |
0.042
|
Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 6.7 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 6.2 ± 0.7 |
< 0.001
|
Follow-up characteristics of participants categorized by baseline and changes in SUA
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | P-value* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline serum uric acid | < 4.0 mg/dL | ≥ 4.0 mg/dL | < 4.0 mg/dL | ≥ 4.0 mg/dL | |
Changes in serum uric acid | < 0.8 mg/dL | < 0.8 mg/dL | ≥ 0.8 mg/dL | ≥ 0.8 mg/dL | |
Follow-up characteristics N = 393 | N = 88 | N = 193 | N = 49 | N = 63 | |
Women | |||||
eGFR | 76.3 ± 8.1 | 71.8 ± 11.0 | 67.3 ± 13.3 | 63.9 ± 16.2 |
< 0.001
|
Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 5.0 ± 0.7 | 6.2 ± 1.0 |
< 0.001
|
Diabetes (%) | 3.4 | 7.3 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 0.274 |
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | p-value* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline serum uric acid | < 5.3 mg/dL | ≥ 5.3 mg/dL | < 5.3 mg/dL | ≥ 5.3 mg/dL | |
Changes in serum uric acid | < 0.4 mg/dL | < 0.4 mg/dL | ≥ 0.4 mg/dL | ≥ 0.4 mg/dL | |
Follow-up characteristics N = 279 | N = 46 | N = 132 | N = 49 | N = 52 | |
Men | |||||
eGFR | 72.2 ± 7.9 | 70.7 ± 12.1 | 65.3 ± 13.4 | 69.1 ± 13.2 |
0.022
|
Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 6.1 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 7.3 ± 0.9 |
< 0.001
|
Diabetes, N (%) | 10.9 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 15.4 | 0.913 |
Follow-up and changes in HbA1c of participants categorized by baseline and changes in SUA
Synergistic effect of baseline and changes in SUA on follow-up HbA1c in women
Relationship between baseline characteristics and changes in SUA, and follow-up HbA1c in women
Follow up HbA1c | ||
---|---|---|
Characteristics N = 393 | r (p-value) | F (p-value) |
Baseline | ||
Age | 0.056 (0.265) | 2.449 (0.118) |
Body mass index |
0.157 (0.002)
| 0.327 (0.568) |
Smoking status | − 0.076 (0.132) | 0.166 (0.684) |
Alcohol consumption | − 0.020 (0.699) | 1.544 (0.215) |
History of CVD (yes = 1, no = 0) | 0.060 (0.237) | 1.158 (0.283) |
Systolic blood pressure |
0.204 (< 0.001)
| 0.981 (0.322) |
Diastolic blood pressure |
0.139 (0.006)
| 0.850 (0.357) |
Antihypertensive medication (yes = 1, no = 0) |
0.200 (< 0.001)
| 2.175 (0.141) |
Triglycerides |
0.182 (< 0.001)
| 1.360 (0.244) |
HDL cholesterol | − 0.145 (0.004) | 3.825 (0.051) |
LDL cholesterol |
0.227 (< 0.001)
|
13.793 (< 0.001)
|
Lipid-lowering medication (yes = 1, no = 0) | 0.084 (0.096) | 0.325 (0.569) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 0.030 (0.559) |
10.715 (0.001)
|
HbA1c |
0.510 (< 0.001)
|
118.285 (< 0.001)
|
Serum uric acid (SUA) |
0.127 (0.012)
|
9.457 (0.002)
|
Changes in SUA |
0.101 (0.046)
|
7.757 (0.006)
|
Baseline SUA*Changes in SUA | – |
5.391 (0.021)
|
R2 | – |
0.368
|
Multivariate-adjusted changes in and follow-up HbA1c of women categorized by baseline and changes in SUA
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | p-value* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline serum uric acid | < 4.0 mg/dL | ≥ 4.0 mg/dL | < 4.0 mg/dL | ≥ 4.0 mg/dL | |
Changes in serum uric acid | < 0.80 mg/dL | < 0.80 mg/dL | ≥ 0.80 mg/dL | ≥ 0.80 mg/dL | |
Characteristics N = 393 | N = 88 | N = 193 | N = 49 | N = 63 | |
Multivariate-adjusted changes in HbA1c | 0.71 (0.64–0.79) | 0.83 (0.78–0.88) | 0.86 (0.76–0.96) | 0.93 (0.84–1.01)a |
0.004
|
Multivariate-adjusted follow up HbA1c | 5.60 (5.52–5.66) | 5.72 (5.67–5.77)b | 5.74 (5.65–5.84) | 5.81 (5.73–5.89)a |
0.002
|
Relationship between baseline and changes in SUA, and follow-up HbA1c in women within selected subgroups
Baseline characteristics N = 393 | N | Baseline SUA F (p-value) | Change in SUA F (p-value) | Interaction Baseline SUA* changes in SUA F (p-value) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||||
≥ 50 | 355 |
10.414 (0.001)
|
5.498 (0.020)
|
3.895 (0.049)
|
< 50 | 38 | 0.728 (0.402) | 0.292 (0.594) | 1.089 (0.308) |
Antihypertensive medication | ||||
No | 330 |
8.064 (0.005)
|
6.143 (0.014)
|
4.662 (0.032)
|
Yes | 63 | 1.272 (0.265) | 1.062 (0.308) | 0.348 (0.558) |
eGFR | ||||
≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 226 | 1.981 (0.161) | 2.567 (0.111) | 1.278 (0.260) |
< 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 235 |
6.551 (0.011)
|
4.176 (0.042)
| 3.135 (0.078) |