Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Religion and Health 2/2010

01.06.2010 | Original Paper

Beliefs about God, Psychiatric Symptoms, and Evolutionary Psychiatry

verfasst von: Kevin J. Flannelly, Kathleen Galek, Christopher G. Ellison, Harold G. Koenig

Erschienen in: Journal of Religion and Health | Ausgabe 2/2010

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The present study analyzed the association between specific beliefs about God and psychiatric symptoms among a representative sample of 1,306 U.S. adults. Three pairs of beliefs about God served as the independent variables: Close and Loving, Approving and Forgiving, and Creating and Judging. The dependent variables were measures of General Anxiety, Depression, Obsessive-Compulsion, Paranoid Ideation, Social Anxiety, and Somatization. As hypothesized, the strength of participants’ belief in a Close and Loving God had a significant salutary association with overall psychiatric symptomology, and the strength of this association was significantly stronger than that of the other beliefs, which had little association with the psychiatric symptomology. The authors discuss the findings in the context of evolutionary psychiatry, and the relevance of Evolutionary Threat Assessment Systems Theory in research on religious beliefs.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Aldridge, J. W., Berridge, K. C., & Rosen, A. R. (2004). Basal ganglia neural mechanisms of natural movement sequences. Canadian Journal of Physiological Pharamcology, 82, 732–739. doi:10.1139/y04-061.CrossRef Aldridge, J. W., Berridge, K. C., & Rosen, A. R. (2004). Basal ganglia neural mechanisms of natural movement sequences. Canadian Journal of Physiological Pharamcology, 82, 732–739. doi:10.​1139/​y04-061.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ansseau, M., Fischler, B., Dierick, M., Albert, A., Leyman, S., & Mignon, A. (2008). Socioeconomic correlates of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in primary care: The GADIS II study (Generalized Anxiety and Depression Impact Survey II). Depression and Anxiety, 25(6), 506–513. doi:10.1002/da.20306.CrossRefPubMed Ansseau, M., Fischler, B., Dierick, M., Albert, A., Leyman, S., & Mignon, A. (2008). Socioeconomic correlates of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in primary care: The GADIS II study (Generalized Anxiety and Depression Impact Survey II). Depression and Anxiety, 25(6), 506–513. doi:10.​1002/​da.​20306.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Beck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive models of depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1, 5–37. Beck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive models of depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1, 5–37.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck, A. T. (1991). Cognitive therapy. A 30-year retrospective. American Psychologist, 46(4), 368–375.CrossRefPubMed Beck, A. T. (1991). Cognitive therapy. A 30-year retrospective. American Psychologist, 46(4), 368–375.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Beck, A. T. (1996). Beyond belief: A theory of modes, personality, and psychopathology. In P. M. Salkovskis (Ed.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy (pp. 1–25). New York: Guilford Press. Beck, A. T. (1996). Beyond belief: A theory of modes, personality, and psychopathology. In P. M. Salkovskis (Ed.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy (pp. 1–25). New York: Guilford Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck, A. T., & Cloninger, C. R. (1999). Cognitive aspects of personality disorders and their relation to syndromal disorders: A psychoevolutionary approach Personality and psychopathology (pp. 411–429). Washington: American Psychiatric Association. Beck, A. T., & Cloninger, C. R. (1999). Cognitive aspects of personality disorders and their relation to syndromal disorders: A psychoevolutionary approach Personality and psychopathology (pp. 411–429). Washington: American Psychiatric Association.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books. Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.
Zurück zum Zitat Bekker, M. H., & van Mens-Verhulst, J. (2007). Anxiety disorders: Sex differences in prevalence, degree, and background, but gender-neutral treatment. Gender Medicine, 4(Suppl 3), S178–S193.CrossRefPubMed Bekker, M. H., & van Mens-Verhulst, J. (2007). Anxiety disorders: Sex differences in prevalence, degree, and background, but gender-neutral treatment. Gender Medicine, 4(Suppl 3), S178–S193.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Benson, P., & Spilka, B. (1973). God image as a function of self-esteem and locus of control. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 12(3), 297–310. doi:10.2307/1384430.CrossRef Benson, P., & Spilka, B. (1973). God image as a function of self-esteem and locus of control. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 12(3), 297–310. doi:10.​2307/​1384430.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Beversluis, J. (Ed.). (2000). Sourcebook of the world’s religions. Novato, CA: New World Library. Beversluis, J. (Ed.). (2000). Sourcebook of the world’s religions. Novato, CA: New World Library.
Zurück zum Zitat Davison, M. L., Bershadsky, B., Bieber, J., Silversmith, D., Maruish, M. E., & Kane, R. L. (1997). Development of a brief, multidimensional, self-report instrument for treatment outcomes assessment in psychiatric settings: Preliminary findings. Assessment, 4, 259–276. Davison, M. L., Bershadsky, B., Bieber, J., Silversmith, D., Maruish, M. E., & Kane, R. L. (1997). Development of a brief, multidimensional, self-report instrument for treatment outcomes assessment in psychiatric settings: Preliminary findings. Assessment, 4, 259–276.
Zurück zum Zitat Ellison, C. G., Boardman, J. D., Williams, D. R., & Jackson, J. S. (2001). Religious involvement, stress, and mental health: Findings from the 1995 Detroit area study. Social Forces, 80(1), 215–249. doi:10.1353/sof.2001.0063.CrossRef Ellison, C. G., Boardman, J. D., Williams, D. R., & Jackson, J. S. (2001). Religious involvement, stress, and mental health: Findings from the 1995 Detroit area study. Social Forces, 80(1), 215–249. doi:10.​1353/​sof.​2001.​0063.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Flannelly, K. J., Ellison, C. G., Galek, K., & Koenig, H. G. (2008). Beliefs about life-after-death, psychiatric symptomology and cognitive theories of psychopathology. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 36, 94–103. Flannelly, K. J., Ellison, C. G., Galek, K., & Koenig, H. G. (2008). Beliefs about life-after-death, psychiatric symptomology and cognitive theories of psychopathology. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 36, 94–103.
Zurück zum Zitat Flannelly, K. J., Koenig, H. G., Galek, K., & Ellison, C. G. (2007). Beliefs, mental health, and evolutionary threat assessment systems in the brain. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(12), 996–1003.CrossRefPubMed Flannelly, K. J., Koenig, H. G., Galek, K., & Ellison, C. G. (2007). Beliefs, mental health, and evolutionary threat assessment systems in the brain. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(12), 996–1003.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Foster, R. A., & Keating, J. P. (1992). Measuring androcentrism in the Western God-concept. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 31(3), 366–375. doi:10.2307/1387128.CrossRef Foster, R. A., & Keating, J. P. (1992). Measuring androcentrism in the Western God-concept. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 31(3), 366–375. doi:10.​2307/​1387128.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Froese, P., & Bader, C. D. (2007). God in America: Why theology is not simply the concern of philosophers. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 46(4), 465–481. Froese, P., & Bader, C. D. (2007). God in America: Why theology is not simply the concern of philosophers. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 46(4), 465–481.
Zurück zum Zitat Galek, K., Flannelly, K. J., & Porter, M. (2008). The importance of cognitions in measuring spirituality and religion: The case for personal theological beliefs. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the society for spirituality, theology & health. Galek, K., Flannelly, K. J., & Porter, M. (2008). The importance of cognitions in measuring spirituality and religion: The case for personal theological beliefs. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the society for spirituality, theology & health.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert, P. (1984). Depression: From psychology to brain state. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Gilbert, P. (1984). Depression: From psychology to brain state. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert, P. (1995). Biopsychosocial approaches and evolutionary theory as aids to integration in clinical psychology and psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 2(3), 135–156.CrossRef Gilbert, P. (1995). Biopsychosocial approaches and evolutionary theory as aids to integration in clinical psychology and psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 2(3), 135–156.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert, P. (1998a). Evolutionary psychopathology: Why isn’t the mind designed better than it is? The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71(Pt 4), 353–373.PubMed Gilbert, P. (1998a). Evolutionary psychopathology: Why isn’t the mind designed better than it is? The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71(Pt 4), 353–373.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert, P. (1998b). The evolved basis and adaptive functions of cognitive distortions. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71(Pt 4), 447–463.PubMed Gilbert, P. (1998b). The evolved basis and adaptive functions of cognitive distortions. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71(Pt 4), 447–463.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert, P. (2007). Evolved minds and compassion in the therapeutic relationship. In P. Gilbert & R. L. Leahy (Eds.), The therapeutic relationship in cognitive behavioural psychotherapies (pp. 107–142). London: Routledge. Gilbert, P. (2007). Evolved minds and compassion in the therapeutic relationship. In P. Gilbert & R. L. Leahy (Eds.), The therapeutic relationship in cognitive behavioural psychotherapies (pp. 107–142). London: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert, P. (in press). Developing a compassion focused approach in cognitive behavioural therapy. In G. Simos (Ed.), Cognitive behaviour therapy: A guide to the practicing clinician. London: Routledge. Gilbert, P. (in press). Developing a compassion focused approach in cognitive behavioural therapy. In G. Simos (Ed.), Cognitive behaviour therapy: A guide to the practicing clinician. London: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert, P., Gilbert, P., & Bailey, K. G. (2000). Social mentalities: Internal “social’ conflict and the role of inner warmth and compassion in cognitive therapy. Genes on the couch: Explorations in evolutionary psychotherapy (pp. 118–150). New York: Brunner-Routledge. Gilbert, P., Gilbert, P., & Bailey, K. G. (2000). Social mentalities: Internal “social’ conflict and the role of inner warmth and compassion in cognitive therapy. Genes on the couch: Explorations in evolutionary psychotherapy (pp. 118–150). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Gorsuch, R. L. (1968). The conceptualization of God as seen in adjective ratings. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 7(1), 56–64. doi:10.2307/1385110.CrossRef Gorsuch, R. L. (1968). The conceptualization of God as seen in adjective ratings. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 7(1), 56–64. doi:10.​2307/​1385110.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hoffman, L., Hoffman, J. L., Dillard, K., Clark, J., Acoba, R., Williams, F., et al. (2008). Diversity and the God image: Examining ethnic differences in the experience of God for a college-age population. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 36(1), 26–41. Hoffman, L., Hoffman, J. L., Dillard, K., Clark, J., Acoba, R., Williams, F., et al. (2008). Diversity and the God image: Examining ethnic differences in the experience of God for a college-age population. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 36(1), 26–41.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2005). Attachment, evolution, and the psychology of religion. New York: Guilford Press. Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2005). Attachment, evolution, and the psychology of religion. New York: Guilford Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1992). An attachment-theoretical approach to romantic love and religious belief. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 266–275. doi:10.1177/0146167292183002.CrossRef Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1992). An attachment-theoretical approach to romantic love and religious belief. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 266–275. doi:10.​1177/​0146167292183002​.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health. New York: Oxford University Press. Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Krause, N. (2002). Church-based social support and health in old age: Exploring variations by race. Journal of Gerontology, 57B(6), S332–S347. Krause, N. (2002). Church-based social support and health in old age: Exploring variations by race. Journal of Gerontology, 57B(6), S332–S347.
Zurück zum Zitat Krause, N. M. (2007). Social involvement in religious institutions and God-mediated control beliefs: A longitudinal investigation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 46(4), 519–537. Krause, N. M. (2007). Social involvement in religious institutions and God-mediated control beliefs: A longitudinal investigation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 46(4), 519–537.
Zurück zum Zitat Krause, N., & Ellison, C. G. (2003). Forgiveness by God, forgiveness of others, and psychological well-being in late life. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 77–93. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.00162.CrossRef Krause, N., & Ellison, C. G. (2003). Forgiveness by God, forgiveness of others, and psychological well-being in late life. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 77–93. doi:10.​1111/​1468-5906.​00162.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kuyken, W., Kurzer, N., DeRubeis, R. J., Beck, A. T., & Brown, G. K. (2001). Response to cognitive therapy in depression: The role of maladaptive beliefs and personality disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(3), 560–566. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.69.3.560.CrossRefPubMed Kuyken, W., Kurzer, N., DeRubeis, R. J., Beck, A. T., & Brown, G. K. (2001). Response to cognitive therapy in depression: The role of maladaptive beliefs and personality disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(3), 560–566. doi:10.​1037/​0022-006X.​69.​3.​560.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Levin, J. (2002). Is depressed affect a function of one’s relationship with God?: Findings from a study of primary care patients. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 32(4), 379–393.PubMed Levin, J. (2002). Is depressed affect a function of one’s relationship with God?: Findings from a study of primary care patients. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 32(4), 379–393.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lin, K. M. (2001). Biological differences in depression and anxiety across races and ethnic groups. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(Suppl 13), 13–19.PubMed Lin, K. M. (2001). Biological differences in depression and anxiety across races and ethnic groups. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(Suppl 13), 13–19.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat MacLean, P. D. (1985). Evolutionary psychiatry and the triune brain. Psychological Medicine, 15(2), 219–221.CrossRefPubMed MacLean, P. D. (1985). Evolutionary psychiatry and the triune brain. Psychological Medicine, 15(2), 219–221.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat MacLean, P. D. (1990). The triune brain in evolution: Role in paleocerebral functions. New York: Plenum Press. MacLean, P. D. (1990). The triune brain in evolution: Role in paleocerebral functions. New York: Plenum Press.
Zurück zum Zitat McConnell, K. M., Pargament, K. I., Ellison, C. G., & Flannelly, K. J. (2006). Examining the links between spiritual struggles and symptoms of psychopathology in a national sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1469–1484. doi:10.1002/jclp.20325.CrossRefPubMed McConnell, K. M., Pargament, K. I., Ellison, C. G., & Flannelly, K. J. (2006). Examining the links between spiritual struggles and symptoms of psychopathology in a national sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1469–1484. doi:10.​1002/​jclp.​20325.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nelsen, H. M., Cheek, N. H., & Au, P. (1985). Gender differences in images of God. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 24(4), 396–402. doi:10.2307/1385990. Article.CrossRef Nelsen, H. M., Cheek, N. H., & Au, P. (1985). Gender differences in images of God. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 24(4), 396–402. doi:10.​2307/​1385990. Article.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nesse, R. (1998). Emotional disorders in evolutionary perspective. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71(4), 397–415.PubMed Nesse, R. (1998). Emotional disorders in evolutionary perspective. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71(4), 397–415.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Pargament, K. I., Kennell, J., Hathaway, W., & Grevengoed, N. (1988). Religion and the problem-solving process: Three styles of coping. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27(1), 90–104. doi:10.2307/1387404.CrossRef Pargament, K. I., Kennell, J., Hathaway, W., & Grevengoed, N. (1988). Religion and the problem-solving process: Three styles of coping. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27(1), 90–104. doi:10.​2307/​1387404.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Tarakeshwar, N., & Hahn, J. (2004). Religious coping methods as predictors of psychological, physical and spiritual outcomes among medically ill elderly patients. Journal of Health Psychology, 9(6), 713–730. doi:10.1177/1359105304045366.CrossRefPubMed Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Tarakeshwar, N., & Hahn, J. (2004). Religious coping methods as predictors of psychological, physical and spiritual outcomes among medically ill elderly patients. Journal of Health Psychology, 9(6), 713–730. doi:10.​1177/​1359105304045366​.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rapoport, J. L., & Fiske, A. (1998). The new biology of obsessive-complusive disorder: Implications for evolutionary psychology. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 41(2), 159–175.PubMed Rapoport, J. L., & Fiske, A. (1998). The new biology of obsessive-complusive disorder: Implications for evolutionary psychology. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 41(2), 159–175.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Roof, W. C., & Roof, J. L. (1984). Review of the polls: Images of God among Americans. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 23(2), 201–205. doi:10.2307/1386110.CrossRef Roof, W. C., & Roof, J. L. (1984). Review of the polls: Images of God among Americans. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 23(2), 201–205. doi:10.​2307/​1386110.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Schieman, S., Pudrovska, T., Pearlin, L. I., & Ellison, C. G. (2006). The sense of divine control and psychological distress: Variations across race and socioeconomic status. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45(4), 529–549. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2006.00326.x.CrossRef Schieman, S., Pudrovska, T., Pearlin, L. I., & Ellison, C. G. (2006). The sense of divine control and psychological distress: Variations across race and socioeconomic status. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45(4), 529–549. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1468-5906.​2006.​00326.​x.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Schore, A. N. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Schore, A. N. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Zurück zum Zitat Simon, R. W. (2002). Revisiting the relationships among gender, marital status, and mental health. American Journal of Sociology, 107(4), 1065–1096. doi:10.1086/339225.CrossRef Simon, R. W. (2002). Revisiting the relationships among gender, marital status, and mental health. American Journal of Sociology, 107(4), 1065–1096. doi:10.​1086/​339225.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sitarenios, G., Rayes, M., & Morrison, J. (2000). SA-45: The symptom assessment-45 questionnaire. North Tonawanda, New York: Multi-Health Systems Inc. Sitarenios, G., Rayes, M., & Morrison, J. (2000). SA-45: The symptom assessment-45 questionnaire. North Tonawanda, New York: Multi-Health Systems Inc.
Zurück zum Zitat Spilka, B., Armatas, P., & Nussbaum, J. (1964). The concept of God: A factor analytic approach. Review of Religious Research, 6(1), 28–36. doi:10.2307/3510880.CrossRef Spilka, B., Armatas, P., & Nussbaum, J. (1964). The concept of God: A factor analytic approach. Review of Religious Research, 6(1), 28–36. doi:10.​2307/​3510880.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Stein, D. J., Ono, Y., Tajima, O., & Muller, J. E. (2004). The social anxiety disorder spectrum. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65(Suppl 14), 27–33.PubMed Stein, D. J., Ono, Y., Tajima, O., & Muller, J. E. (2004). The social anxiety disorder spectrum. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65(Suppl 14), 27–33.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tamayo, A., & Desjardines, L. (1976). Belief systems and conceptual images of parents and God. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 92(1), 131–140. Tamayo, A., & Desjardines, L. (1976). Belief systems and conceptual images of parents and God. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 92(1), 131–140.
Zurück zum Zitat Waite, R. L. (2006). Variations in the experiences and expressions of depression among ethnic minorities. Journal of the Naionatl Black Nurses’. Association, 17(1), 29–35. Waite, R. L. (2006). Variations in the experiences and expressions of depression among ethnic minorities. Journal of the Naionatl Black Nurses’. Association, 17(1), 29–35.
Zurück zum Zitat Zimmerman, F. J., & Katon, W. (2005). Socioeconomic status, depression disparities, and financial strain: What lies behind the income-depression relationship? Health Economics, 14(12), 1197–1215. doi:10.1002/hec.1011.CrossRefPubMed Zimmerman, F. J., & Katon, W. (2005). Socioeconomic status, depression disparities, and financial strain: What lies behind the income-depression relationship? Health Economics, 14(12), 1197–1215. doi:10.​1002/​hec.​1011.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Beliefs about God, Psychiatric Symptoms, and Evolutionary Psychiatry
verfasst von
Kevin J. Flannelly
Kathleen Galek
Christopher G. Ellison
Harold G. Koenig
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2010
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Religion and Health / Ausgabe 2/2010
Print ISSN: 0022-4197
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-6571
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-009-9244-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2010

Journal of Religion and Health 2/2010 Zur Ausgabe

Editorial

Editorial