Background
Methods
Participants
Gender | Age (years) | BH (m) | BW (kg) | Lesion area | On-set time (m) | Type | Lesion side | Brunnstrom stage | Modified ashworth scale | FMA-UE | BI | WMFT | MAS | MDT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | 48 | 1.62 | 60.8 | Basal ganglia | 15 | Hemorrhage | L’t | 4 | 1 | 11 | 55 | 28 | 1 | NA |
M | 58 | 1.81 | 72 | MCA | 16 | Infarction | R’t | 6 | 0 | 57 | 55 | 60 | 18 | 4 min 59 s |
F | 63 | 1.48 | 47 | MCA | 19 | Hemorrhage | L’t | 5 | 2 | 13 | 60 | 19 | 1 | NA |
M | 57 | 1.68 | 64 | Basal ganglia | 44 | Hemorrhage | L’t | 5 | 3 | 20 | 100 | 27 | 6 | NA |
M | 60 | 1.72 | 69 | Putamen | 66 | Hemorrhage | R’t | 4 | 1 | 65 | 100 | 75 | 17 | NA |
M | 67 | 1.65 | 69 | Basilar artery and pontine | 10 | Infarction | R’t | 6 | 1 | 60 | 95 | 75 | 16 | NA |
M | 34 | 1.83 | 79 | Left lentiform nucleolus | 18 | Hemorrhage | R’t | 4 | 1 | 26 | 70 | 26 | 3 | NA |
M | 60 | 1.72 | 79 | Paramidian pons | 14 | Infarction | R’t | 4 | 2 | 55 | 100 | 64 | 17 | 2 min 57 s |
M | 57 | 1.65 | 67 | Bilateral parietal lobe | 57 | Infarction | R’t | 4 | 3 | 35 | 60 | 45 | 11 | NA |
M | 28 | 1.71 | 55 | Frontotemporal region | 13 | Hemorrhage | L’t | 4 | 1 | 27 | 70 | 32 | 4 | NA |
M | 46 | 1.68 | 80 | Basal ganglia | 8 | Hemorrhage | R’t | 6 | 0 | 66 | 90 | 74 | 18 | 1 min 39 s |
M | 60 | 1.70 | 61 | MCA | 20 | Infarction | L’t | 6 | 1 | 54 | 95 | 56 | 14 | 5 min 6 s |
M | 47 | 1.72 | 70 | Basal ganglia | 67 | Hemorrhage | R’t | 5 | 3 | 47 | 80 | 53 | 14 | 7 min 15 s |
F | 57 | 1.54 | 57 | M1 and M2 | 10 | Hemorrhage | R’t | 4 | 0 | 49 | 80 | 54 | 16 | NA |
M | 44 | 1.64 | 62 | Bilateral pons | 36 | Infarction | R’t | 4 | 1 | 36 | 95 | 60 | 11 | 1 min 59 s |
M | 66 | 1.61 | 59 | MCA | 9 | Infarction | L’t | 5 | 2 | 43 | 85 | 43 | 4 | NA |
M | 62 | 1.69 | 70 | Pontine | 25 | Infarction | R’t | 4 | 1 | 52 | 80 | 71 | 15 | 2 min 30 s |
F | 54 | 1.57 | 45.6 | basal ganglia | 54 | Hemorrhage | R’t | 5 | 0 | 37 | 80 | 40 | 11 | NA |
M | 46 | 1.77 | 78 | Subcortical region | 9 | Infarction | R’t | 4 | 1 | 22 | 55 | 31 | 4 | NA |
M | 56 | 1.69 | 65 | Subcortical region | 214 | Hemorrhage | R’t | 4 | 1 | 40 | 95 | 42 | 12 | NA |
M | 53 | 1.65 | 72 | Thalamus | 12 | Hemorrhage | L’t | 4 | 2 | 60 | 85 | 64 | 17 | 4 min 4 s |
M | 58 | 1.65 | 69 | Pons | 9 | Hemorrhage | L’t | 4 | 2 | 26 | 60 | 45 | 7 | NA |
Measurement device and data processing
Maximal voluntary contraction test and bilateral hand grip-force coordination control task
Outcome measurements for bilateral coordination control of both hands
Clinical motor and functional measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Grip force performance during the bilateral coordination control task
Stroke-related changes in bimanual grip force coordination control performance
Target force level | Condition | Outcome | Healthy group (n = 16) | Stroke group (n = 22) | Between groups | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Difference |
t
| Sig. (2-tailed) | Mean ± SD | Difference |
t
| Sig. (2-tailed) |
t
| Sig. (2-tailed) | |||
Total | Condition 1 | Alternating time (%) | 28.3 ± 8.6 | 18.3 ± 6.3 | −11.046 | 0.000** | 24.6 ± 8.0 | 23.2 ± 11.7 | −5.321 | 0.000** | 1.355 | 0.184 |
Condition 2 | 59.9 ± 7.0 | 43.4 ± 12.8 | 4.692 | 0.000** | ||||||||
Condition 1 | Force applied (%) | 43.7 ± 8.6 | 12.9 ± 5.2 | −3.774 | 0.002* | 50.6 ± 18.9 | 16.7 ± 15.4 | .731 | 0.473 | −1.357 | 0.183 | |
Condition 2 | 52.8 ± 6.0 | 47.3 ± 17.9 | 1.193 | 0.241 | ||||||||
10% MVC | Condition 1 | Alternating time (%) | 27.5 ± 8.3 | 23.2 ± 15.3 | −4.698 | 0.000** | 24.6 ± 10.2 | 21.8 ± 15.6 | −5.282 | 0.000** | 0.944 | 0.352 |
Condition 2 | 48.7 ± 17.5 | 44.6 ± 15.1 | 0.774 | 0.444 | ||||||||
Condition 1 | Force applied (%) | 57.7 ± 13.0 | 11.3 ± 8.0 | 0.794 | 0.440 | 60.8 ± 26.8 | 16.4 ± 18.3 | 1.094 | 0.286 | −0.408 | 0.685 | |
Condition 2 | 55.0 ± 9.4 | 55.1 ± 23.0 | −0.013 | 0.990 | ||||||||
20% MVC | Condition 1 | Alternating time (%) | 30.2 ± 12.3 | 12.2 ± 6.4 | −3.572 | 0.003* | 22.0 ± 9.3 | 22.5 ± 16.7 | −4.503 | 0.000** | 2.347 | 0.025* |
Condition 2 | 39.5 ± 7.2 | 41.5 ± 16.7 | −0.442 | 0.661 | ||||||||
Condition 1 | Force applied (%) | 59.7 ± 10.6 | 13.2 ± 7.9 | 1.457 | 0.166 | 51.8 ± 22.1 | 21.5 ± 24.4 | 0.435 | 0.668 | 1.306 | 0.200 | |
Condition 2 | 54.3 ± 10.2 | 48.8 ± 24.2 | 0.852 | 0.400 | ||||||||
40% MVC | Condition 1 | Alternating time (%) | 27.1 ± 13.3 | 19.4 ± 9.7 | −4.078 | 0.001* | 27.3 ± 12.4 | 25.3 ± 14.8 | −3.197 | 0.004* | −0.041 | 0.967 |
Condition 2 | 42.7 ± 13.7 | 44.0 ± 18.9 | −0.218 | 0.829 | ||||||||
Condition 1 | Force applied (%) | 62.3 ± 9.9 | 14.2 ± 9.9 | 4.634 | 0.000** | 39.1 ± 18.0 | 12.3 ± 13.8 | 0.314 | 0.757 | 4.658 | 0.000** | |
Condition 2 | 49.1 ± 6.1 | 37.9 ± 17.0 | 2.527 | 0.016* |
Outcome | Condition | Healthy group (n = 16) | Stroke group (n = 22) | Between group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
t
| Sig. (2-tailed) | ||
Alternating time | Condition 1 | 34.6% | 14.5% | 30.9% | 16.0% | 0.735 | 0.467 |
Condition 2 | 15.3% | 10.3% | 31.5% | 16.3% | −3.500 | 0.001* | |
Force applied | Condition 1 | 26.6% | 13.6% | 32.4% | 18.8% | −1.042 | 0.305 |
Condition 2 | 14.0% | 6.1% | 31.2% | 19.4% | −3.417 | 0.002* |
Relationships between bimanual grip force coordination control and clinical motor and functional performances in the stroke group
FMA-UE | BI | WMFT | MAS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pearson Correlation | Sig. (2-tailed) | Pearson Correlation | Sig. (2-tailed) | Pearson Correlation | Sig. (2-tailed) | Pearson Correlation | Sig. (2-tailed) | ||
FMA_UE | 1 | – | 0.554** | 0.008 | 0.926** | 0.000 | 0.924** | 0.000 | |
BI | 0.554* | 0.008 | 1 | – | 0.521* | 0.013 | 0.503* | 0.017 | |
Wolf | 0.926** | 0.000 | 0.521* | 0.013 | 1 | – | 0.902** | 0.000 | |
MAS | 0.924** | 0.000 | 0.503* | 0.017 | 0.902** | 0.000 | 1 | – | |
10% MVC | Condition 1 Alternating time (%) | −0.567* | 0.006 | −0.358 | 0.102 | −0.624* | 0.002 | −0.533* | 0.011 |
Condition 2 Alternating time (%) | 0.030 | 0.894 | 0.091 | 0.687 | 0.071 | 0.753 | −0.041 | 0.857 | |
Diff of Alternating time (%) | 0.327 | 0.138 | 0.249 | 0.264 | 0.422 | 0.050 | 0.258 | 0.246 | |
Condition 1 Force applied (%) | −0.027 | 0.905 | 0.041 | 0.855 | −0.057 | 0.802 | 0.012 | 0.959 | |
Condition 2 Force applied (%) | 0.013 | 0.954 | −0.032 | 0.887 | −0.001 | 0.998 | −0.154 | 0.494 | |
Diff of Force applied (%) | −0.074 | 0.744 | 0.080 | 0.723 | −0.123 | 0.587 | −0.016 | 0.942 | |
20% MVC | Condition 1 Alternating time (%) | −0.322 | 0.144 | −0.528* | 0.012 | −0.276 | 0.214 | −0.147 | 0.515 |
Condition 2 Alternating time (%) | 0.360 | 0.099 | 0.306 | 0.165 | 0.311 | 0.159 | 0.345 | 0.116 | |
Diff of Alternating time (%) | 0.512* | 0.015 | 0.467* | 0.028 | 0.441* | 0.040 | 0.470* | 0.027 | |
Condition 1 Force applied (%) | 0.009 | 0.969 | −0.016 | 0.945 | −0.030 | 0.893 | 0.051 | 0.821 | |
Condition 2 Force applied (%) | −0.130 | 0.564 | −0.206 | 0.357 | −0.053 | 0.813 | −0.205 | 0.359 | |
Diff of Force applied (%) | 0.038 | 0.866 | −0.062 | 0.784 | 0.055 | 0.809 | 0.072 | 0.750 | |
40% MVC | Condition 1 Alternating time (%) | −0.324 | 0.141 | −0.180 | 0.422 | −0.241 | 0.280 | −0.212 | 0.343 |
Condition 2 Alternating time (%) | 0.226 | 0.311 | 0.027 | 0.905 | 0.183 | 0.415 | 0.188 | 0.403 | |
Diff of Alternating time (%) | 0.017 | 0.941 | −0.066 | 0.772 | −0.034 | 0.880 | 0.059 | 0.795 | |
Condition 1 Force applied (%) | 0.031 | 0.892 | 0.111 | 0.622 | −0.052 | 0.820 | 0.113 | 0.618 | |
Condition 2 Force applied (%) | −0.149 | 0.507 | 0.053 | 0.816 | −0.119 | 0.598 | −0.083 | 0.712 | |
Diff of Force applied (%) | 0.015 | 0.948 | −0.032 | 0.887 | −0.035 | 0.877 | 0.069 | 0.760 | |
Condition 1 Total Alternating time (%) | −0.533* | 0.011 | −0.450* | 0.036 | −0.497* | 0.019 | −0.393 | 0.070 | |
Condition 2 Total Alternating time (%) | 0.000 | 0.998 | 0.049 | 0.830 | −0.055 | 0.808 | 0.061 | 0.788 | |
Total Diff of Alternating time (%) | 0.397 | 0.067 | 0.306 | 0.166 | 0.385 | 0.077 | 0.364 | 0.096 | |
Condition 1 Total Force applied (%) | 0.281 | 0.205 | 0.183 | 0.415 | 0.254 | 0.254 | 0.227 | 0.309 | |
Condition 2 Total Force applied (%) | −0.100 | 0.657 | −0.090 | 0.690 | −0.062 | 0.784 | −0.185 | 0.410 | |
Total Diff of Force applied (%) | −0.005 | 0.984 | −0.011 | 0.962 | −0.030 | 0.894 | 0.052 | 0.817 |