Background
Methods
Study setting and design
Population and case ascertainment
Laboratory methods
Statistical analyses
Results
Subcohort | |||
---|---|---|---|
Women | Men | Total | |
N | 1466 (54) | 1273 (46) | 2739 |
Age at recruitment, years | 49 (35–66) | 53 (40–65) | 51 (35–66) |
BMI, kg/m2
| 25.3 ± 4.7 | 26.8 ± 3.6 | 26.0 ± 4.3 |
Waist circumference, cm | 81 ± 12 | 96 ± 10 | 88 ± 13 |
Smoking (n, %) | |||
Never | 753 (51) | 435 (34) | 1188 (43) |
Former | 406 (28) | 509 (40) | 915 (33) |
Current | 303 (21) | 325 (26) | 628 (23) |
Physical activity (n, %)a
| |||
Inactive | 191 (13) | 138 (11) | 329 (12) |
Moderately inactive | 527 (36) | 431 (34) | 958 (35) |
Moderately active | 408 (28) | 363 (29) | 771 (29) |
Active | 340 (23) | 341 (27) | 681 (25) |
Education level (n, %) | |||
Primary school | 403 (28) | 377 (29) | 780 (29) |
Secondary school | 711 (49) | 414 (33) | 1125 (41) |
University degree | 352 (24) | 482 (38) | 834 (30) |
Dietary variables (median, IQR) | |||
Alcohol consumption, mg/d | 4 (2–10) | 20 (11–36) | 10 (3–22) |
Red meat intake, g/d | 19 (10–29) | 33 (20–55) | 25 (13–42) |
Processed meat intake, g/d | 34 (18–56) | 56 (33–82) | 44 (23–68) |
Fiber intake, mg/d | 18 (15–23) | 20 (16–24) | 19 (15–23) |
Diseases and medication (n, %)b
| |||
Hypertension | 353 (24) | 435 (34) | 788 (29) |
Diabetes mellitus | 29 (2.0) | 63 (4.9) | 92 (3.4) |
Kidney diseases | 5 (0.3) | 19 (1.5) | 24 (0.9) |
Liver diseases | 9 (0.6) | 9 (0.7) | 18 (0.7) |
Use of lipid-lowering drugs | 47 (3.2) | 72 (5.7) | 119 (4.3) |
Menopausal status (n, %) | |||
Premenopausal | 653 (44.5) | – | – |
Current use of pill | 82 (5.6) | ||
Postmenopausal | 552 (37.7) | – | – |
Current use of HRT | 366 (25.0) | ||
Biomarkers (median, IQR) | |||
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.80 (5.1–6.5) | 5.80 (5.2–6.6) | 5.80 (5.1–6.6) |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.60 (1.3–1.9) | 1.20 (1.0–1.5) | 1.40 (1.1–1.7) |
Apo(a), μmol/L | 1.79 (1.6–2.0) | 1.55 (1.4–1.7) | 1.67 (1.5–1.9) |
ApoB-100, μmol/L | 1.06 (0.9–1.2) | 1.16 (1.0–1.4) | 1.10 (0.9–1.3) |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.30 (0.9–1.9) | 1.90 (1.4–2.8) | 1.60 (1.1–2.3) |
Lp(a), nmol/Lc
| 13.40 (6.1–46.4) | 12.00 (5.4–42.5) | 12.60 (5.8–45.4) |
Lipid biomarkers and risk of cancer incidence and mortality
Biomarker | quartile_1 | quartile_2 | quartile_3 | quartile_4 | pval_med | hr_con | pval_con |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TCa
| Ref | 0.78 (0.60–1.00) | 0.78 (0.61–1.01) |
0.77 (0.59–0.99)
| 0.072 |
0.67 (0.47–0.95)
|
0.025
|
TC adjustedb
| Ref |
0.74 (0.56–0.98)
| 0.77 (0.59–1.02) |
0.71 (0.54–0.94)
|
0.036
|
0.62 (0.43–0.88)
|
0.009
|
Medianc
| 4.70/4.70/4.60 | 5.50/5.60/5.50 | 6.20/6.20/6.20 | 7.20/7.20/7.10 | |||
No of cases | 187 | 158 | 170 | 177 | |||
HDL-Ca
| Ref | 0.83 (0.66–1.03) | 0.86 (0.69–1.08) |
0.56 (0.43–0.73)
|
<0.0001
|
0.67 (0.55–0.82)
|
0.0001
|
HDL-C adjustedb
| Ref | 0.93 (0.73–1.18) | 0.95 (0.74–1.22) |
0.67 (0.50–0.91)
|
0.021
|
0.78 (0.62–0.98)
|
0.037
|
Medianc
| 0.95/0.90/1.20 | 1.20/1.10/1.50 | 1.50/1.40/1.80 | 2.00/1.80/2.10 | |||
No of cases | 254 | 188 | 188 | 103 | |||
apo(a)a
| Ref |
0.77 (0.60–0.97)
|
0.75 (0.59–0.95)
|
0.64 (0.50–0.82)
|
0.0007
|
0.56 (0.39–0.80)
|
0.001
|
apo(a) adjustedb
| Ref |
0.76 (0.58–0.99)
| 0.80 (0.62–1.03) |
0.71 (0.54–0.93)
|
0.029
|
0.67 (0.45–0.99)
|
0.044
|
Medianc
| 1.34/1.30/1.48 | 1.54/1.48/1.68 | 1.70/1.64/1.90 | 2.04/1.91/2.16 | |||
No of cases | 224 | 169 | 183 | 156 | |||
apoB-100a
| Ref | 0.84 (0.66–1.08) |
0.73 (0.56–0.94)
| 0.87 (0.68–1.12) | 0.284 | 0.82 (0.64–1.05) | 0.112 |
apoB-100 adjustedb
| Ref | 0.88 (0.68–1.15) |
0.69 (0.52–0.91)
| 0.79 (0.60–1.03) | 0.054 |
0.72 (0.56–0.93)
|
0.011
|
Medianc
| 0.82/0.84/0.77 | 1.03/1.07/0.97 | 1.21/1.26/1.15 | 1.47/1.53/1.38 | |||
No. of cases | 173 | 178 | 160 | 204 | |||
TGa
| Ref | 1.29 (1.00–1.67) | 1.00 (0.77–1.29) | 1.21 (0.94–1.56) | 0.382 | 1.06 (0.95–1.19) | 0.305 |
TG adjustedb
| Ref | 1.28 (0.97–1.70) | 0.92 (0.69–1.23) | 1.10 (0.82–1.46) | 0.895 | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) | 0.675 |
Medianc
| 0.90/1.00/0.80 | 1.50/1.70/1.10 | 2.00/2.40/1.60 | 3.30/3.70/2.70 | |||
No of cases | 153 | 173 | 162 | 200 | |||
Lp(a)a
| Ref | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) |
0.76 (0.59–0.98)
| 0.78 (0.60–1.00) | 0.080 |
0.94 (0.90–0.99)
|
0.011
|
Lp(a) adjustedb
| Ref | 0.94 (0.72–1.22) |
0.73 (0.56–0.96)
|
0.74 (0.57–0.98)
| 0.076 |
0.94 (0.89–0.98)
|
0.010
|
Medianc
| 3.50/3.30/3.85 | 8.50/8.10/9.40 | 20.25/19.40/21.75 | 129.60/121.60/134.70 | |||
No of cases | 189 | 187 | 160 | 157 |