Background
Methods
Survey design
Study population
Sampling
Recruit | |||
---|---|---|---|
HIV status | Negative | Positive | |
Recruiter | Negative | 407 (70%) | 174 (30%) |
Positive | 205 (58%) | 147 (42%) | |
Age | 15-24 years | 25+ years | |
15-24 years | 178 (51%) | 172 (49%) | |
25+ years | 220 (38%) | 363 (62%) |
Survey office procedures
Data measures
Laboratory measures
Data management and analysis
Human subjects considerations
Results
Population characteristics
Characteristica
|
n
| Sample % | Weighted % (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | |||
15–19 | 109 | 11.6 | 12.6 (9.9–15.6) |
20–24 | 292 | 31.0 | 32.4 (28.4–36.1) |
25–29 | 248 | 26.3 | 25.5 (22.3–28.8) |
30+ | 293 | 31.1 | 29.6 (25.8–33.6) |
Nationality | |||
Ugandan | 897 | 95.7 | 95.4 (93.7–96.9) |
Not Ugandan | 40 | 4.3 | 4.6 (3.0–6.3) |
Schooling, years | |||
None | 149 | 16.2 | 17.3 (14.3–20.3) |
1–3 | 103 | 11.2 | 12.0 (9.1–14.7) |
4–6 | 185 | 20.1 | 19.7 (16.8–23.0) |
7+ | 482 | 52.6 | 51.0 (46.9–55.4) |
Marital status | |||
Never married | 301 | 32.2 | 33.8 (29.9–37.9) |
Cohabitating | 210 | 22.5 | 22.3 (19.3–25.6) |
Married (mono) | 55 | 5.9 | 5.9 (4.2–7.5) |
Married (poly) | 141 | 15.1 | 13.9 (11.6–16.5) |
Div/sep/widb
| 228 | 24.4 | 24.1 (20.7–27.4) |
Ever been married | |||
Yes | 634 | 67.8 | 66.2 (62.2–70.1) |
No | 301 | 32.2 | 33.8 (30.0–37.8) |
Pregnancies in life, number | |||
0 | 74 | 8.1 | 9.4 (6.7–12.6) |
1 | 174 | 19.0 | 21.3 (17.9–24.5) |
2 | 173 | 18.9 | 18.3 (15.9–21.8) |
3 | 164 | 17.9 | 17.4 (14.5–19.8) |
4 | 134 | 14.6 | 14.6 (11.8–17.1) |
5+ | 196 | 21.4 | 19.1 (16.1–22.3) |
Ever aborted a pregnancy | |||
Yes | 257 | 27.5 | 24.9 (21.5–28.6) |
Noc
| 679 | 72.5 | 75.1 (71.5–78.5) |
Use of modern family planninge
| |||
Yes | 624 | 67.0 | 64.7 (60.3–68.3) |
No | 307 | 33.0 | 35.3 (31.7–39.7) |
Steady male sex partners last 30 days, number | |||
0 | 168 | 18.2 | 18.5 (15.4–21.8) |
1 | 288 | 31.1 | 31.1 (27.2–35.0) |
2 | 194 | 21.0 | 20.5 (17.2–23.3) |
3+ | 275 | 29.7 | 29.9 (26.5–34.0) |
Sex work main income | |||
Yes | 808 | 88.4 | 87.1 (84.5–89.8) |
No | 106 | 11.6 | 12.9 (10.2–15.4) |
Occupation other than sex work | |||
No other work | 557 | 59.6 | 57.2 (53.7–61.3) |
Other | 113 | 12.1 | 13.5 (10.8–16.3) |
Self-employed | 148 | 15.8 | 16.3 (13.5–19.1) |
Restaurant/bar | 116 | 12.4 | 13.1 (10.1–15.7) |
Sex work characteristics
HIV-related risk behaviors and perceptions
HIV services uptake
HIV infection
Characteristicd
| n | HIV+ | Weighted % |
P-valuee
| Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) |
Age, years | |||||
15–19 | 109 | 11 | 10.8 | <0.01 | 1.00 (Referent) |
20–24 | 291 | 65 | 21.9 | 2.03 (1.04–3.95) | |
25–29 | 246 | 88 | 35.9 | 3.33 (1.74–6.40) | |
30+ | 293 | 157 | 50.7 | 4.71 (2.50–8.89) | |
Nationality | |||||
Ugandan | 894 | 304 | 33.0 | 0.99 | 1.00 (Referent) |
Not Ugandan | 40 | 16 | 33.1 | 1.00 (0.61–1.65) | |
Religion | |||||
Catholic | 362 | 131 | 35.4 | 0.41 | 1.00 (Referent) |
Protestant | 262 | 86 | 30.9 | 0.87 (0.68–1.13) | |
Born Again | 47 | 17 | 37.0 | 1.05 (0.64–1.71) | |
Moslim | 232 | 71 | 28.5 | 0.81 (0.61–1.07) | |
Other | 30 | 13 | 42.9 | 1.21 (0.74–1.98) | |
Schooling, years | |||||
0–3 | 251 | 107 | 42.1 | <0.01 | 1.00 (Referent) |
4–6 | 185 | 70 | 36.6 | 0.87 (0.66–1.14) | |
7+ | 482 | 137 | 26.4 | 0.63 (0.49–0.80) | |
Sex work main income | |||||
Yes | 806 | 286 | 35.1 | <0.01 | 1.68 (1.13–2.51) |
No | 106 | 28 | 20.9 | 1.00 (Referent) | |
Occupation other than sex work | |||||
No other work | 557 | 201 | 36.9 | <0.01 | 1.00 (Referent) |
Other | 112 | 26 | 19.2 | 0.52 (0.34–0.79) | |
Self-employed | 147 | 53 | 32.3 | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) | |
Restaurant/bar | 115 | 36 | 26.7 | 0.72 (0.50–1.05) | |
Marital status | |||||
Never married | 300 | 71 | 23.4 | <0.01 | 1.02 (0.57–1.83) |
Cohabitating | 210 | 83 | 37.8 | 1.64 (0.93–2.91) | |
Married (mono) | 53 | 14 | 23.0 | 1.00 (Referent) | |
Married (poly) | 141 | 46 | 36.5 | 1.59 (0.88–2.86) | |
Div/sep/wid | 228 | 105 | 41.9 | 1.84 (1.04–3.20) | |
Pregnancies in life, number | |||||
0 | 74 | 4 | 3.6 | <0.01 | 1.00 (Referent) |
1 | 173 | 36 | 21.0 | 5.88 (2.00–17.3) | |
2 | 173 | 61 | 33.4 | 9.34 (3.26–26.8) | |
3 | 162 | 65 | 44.8 | 12.5 (4.40–35.5) | |
4 | 134 | 60 | 46.5 | 13.0 (4.56–36.9) | |
5+ | 196 | 86 | 38.7 | 10.8 (3.81–30.7) | |
Ever aborted | |||||
Yes | 231 | 60 | 27.4 | 0.07 | 0.79 (0.60–1.03) |
Noh
| 702 | 260 | 34.7 | 1.00 (Referent) | |
Steady male sex partners last 30 days, number | |||||
0 | 167 | 68 | 40.4 | 0.18 | 1.00 (Referent) |
1 | 288 | 105 | 33.3 | 0.82 (0.62–1.09) | |
2 | 192 | 57 | 28.0 | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) | |
3+ | 275 | 86 | 31.7 | 0.79 (0.59–1.05) | |
Alcohol before last sex | |||||
Yes | 480 | 173 | 35.0 | 0.25 | 1.13 (0.92–1.40) |
No | 455 | 147 | 31.0 | 1.00 (Referent) | |
Drugs for pleasure | |||||
Yes | 217 | 71 | 34.0 | 0.71 | 1.05 (0.82–1.34) |
No | 708 | 244 | 32.4 | 1.00 (Referent) | |
Inject drugs | |||||
Yes | 42 | 16 | 40.6 | 0.38 | 1.24 (0.80–1.91) |
Noi
| 886 | 303 | 32.8 | 1.00 (Referent) | |
Years selling sex, number | |||||
< 1 | 13 | 4 | 32.7 | 0.02 | 1.00 (Referent) |
1 | 148 | 34 | 21.3 | 0.65 (0.26–1.62) | |
2 | 179 | 58 | 31.4 | 0.96 (0.40–2.31) | |
3 | 177 | 62 | 32.3 | 0.99 (0.41–2.36) | |
4 | 74 | 23 | 33.6 | 1.03 (0.41–2.57) | |
5+ | 335 | 136 | 39.9 | 1.22 (0.52–2.87) | |
Condom use during last sex with a male client | |||||
Yes | 619 | 208 | 32.0 | 0.50 | 0.93 (0.75–1.15) |
No | 315 | 111 | 34.6 | 1.00 (Referent) | |
Ever used condom | |||||
Yes | 872 | 301 | 33.3 | 0.54 | 1.00 (Referent) |
No | 56 | 16 | 28.9 | 0.87 (0.53–1.41) | |
Ever used lubricant | |||||
Yes | 282 | 90 | 30.8 | 0.44 | 1.00 (Referent) |
No | 648 | 228 | 33.6 | 1.09 (0.87–1.38) | |
Violence due to selling sex | |||||
Yes | 433 | 163 | 35.9 | 0.13 | 1.17 (0.95–1.45) |
No | 498 | 155 | 30.5 | 1.00 (Referent) | |
Raped in last 30 days, number | |||||
0c
| 619 | 206 | 32.4 | 0.38 | 1.00 (Referent) |
1 | 93 | 36 | 36.2 | 1.12 (0.77–1.62) | |
2 | 81 | 25 | 27.3 | 0.84 (0.57–1.26) | |
3 | 43 | 20 | 47.9 | 1.48 (1.02–2.15) | |
4+ | 91 | 28 | 31.6 | 0.97 (0.68–1.40) | |
Raped by customer in last 30 days, number | |||||
0j
| 682 | 228 | 32.4 | 0.94 | 1.00 (Referent) |
1 | 124 | 40 | 30.0 | 0.92 (0.65–1.32) | |
2 | 71 | 26 | 36.1 | 1.11 (0.77–1.60) | |
3 | 25 | 9 | 31.9 | 0.98 (0.51–1.91) | |
4+ | 23 | 8 | 38.4 | 1.18 (0.64–2.20) | |
Sex partners, total number in last 30 days | |||||
0–12 | 221 | 71 | 29.9 | 0.59 | 1.00 (Referent) |
13–24 | 234 | 75 | 31.8 | 1.06 (0.78–1.45) | |
25–58 | 248 | 87 | 36.2 | 1.21 (0.90–1.62) | |
59+ | 236 | 88 | 34.4 | 1.15 (0.85–1.55) | |
Male partners in life, number | |||||
1–24 | 201 | 58 | 25.1 | 0.08 | 1.00 (Referent) |
25–64 | 212 | 70 | 34.6 | 1.38 (0.98–1.93) | |
65–194 | 211 | 76 | 33.1 | 1.32 (0.94–1.86) | |
195+ | 209 | 73 | 38.3 | 1.53 (1.09–2.13) | |
Vaginal discharge/burning in last 12 months | |||||
Yes | 644 | 233 | 35.6 | 0.03 | 1.31 (1.02–1.68) |
No | 280 | 82 | 27.2 | 1.00 (Referent) | |
Genital ulcer/sore in last 12 months | |||||
Yes | 520 | 211 | 39.6 | <0.01 | 1.58 (1.26–1.98) |
No | 409 | 107 | 25.0 | 1.00 (Referent) | |
Anal ulcer/sore in last 12 months | |||||
Yes | 204 | 82 | 41.0 | 0.03 | 1.32 (1.05–1.65) |
No | 717 | 235 | 31.1 | 1.00 (Referent) | |
Anal discharge in last 12 months | |||||
Yes | 124 | 42 | 33.8 | 0.79 | 1.04 (0.77–1.41) |
No | 791 | 270 | 32.4 | 1.00 (Referent) | |
Anal warts in last 12 months | |||||
Yes | 132 | 65 | 49.7 | <0.01 | 1.65 (1.32–2.08) |
No | 783 | 247 | 30.0 | 1.00 (Referent) | |
Ever had anal sex | |||||
Yes | 171 | 62 | 36.2 | 0.38 | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) |
No | 758 | 256 | 32.2 | 1.00 (Referent) | |
Ever had HIV test | |||||
Yes | 503 | 120 | 23.0 | <0.01 | 1.00 (Referent) |
No | 430 | 199 | 44.6 | 1.93 (1.55–2.41) | |
Had steady male sex partners last 30 days | |||||
Yes | 755 | 248 | 31.4 | 0.06 | 0.78 (0.61–0.99) |
No | 167 | 68 | 40.4 | 1.00 (Referent) |
Characteristic | n | HIV+ | Weighted % | Adjusted PR (95% CI)a
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | ||||
15–19 | 109 | 11 | 10.8 | 1.00 (Referent) |
20–24 | 291 | 65 | 21.9 | 1.27 (0.74–2.19) |
25–29 | 246 | 88 | 35.9 | 1.64 (0.92–2.90) |
30+ | 293 | 157 | 50.7 | 2.13 (1.19–3.80) |
Schooling, years | ||||
1–3 | 251 | 107 | 42.1 | 1.00 (Referent) |
4–6 | 185 | 70 | 36.6 | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) |
7+ | 482 | 137 | 26.4 | 0.67 (0.54–0.84) |
Occupation other than sex work | ||||
No other work | 557 | 201 | 36.9 | 1.00 (Referent) |
Other | 112 | 26 | 19.2 | 0.55 (0.37–0.81) |
Self-employed | 147 | 53 | 32.3 | 0.74 (0.55–0.99) |
Restaurant/bar | 115 | 36 | 26.7 | 0.80 (0.60–1.08) |
Pregnancies in life, number | ||||
0 | 74 | 4 | 3.6 | 1.00 (Referent) |
1 | 173 | 36 | 21.0 | 7.24 (2.14–24.5) |
2 | 173 | 61 | 33.4 | 9.43 (2.75–32.3) |
3 | 162 | 65 | 44.8 | 11.7 (3.38–40.7) |
4 | 134 | 60 | 46.5 | 10.8 (3.06–37.9) |
5+ | 196 | 86 | 38.7 | 8.23 (2.29–29.6) |
Ever aborted | ||||
Yes | 231 | 60 | 27.4 | 0.76 (0.59–0.97) |
No | 702 | 260 | 34.7 | 1.00 (Referent) |
Genital ulcer/sore in last 12 months | ||||
Yes | 520 | 211 | 39.6 | 1.39 (1.13–1.71) |
No | 409 | 107 | 25.0 | 1.00 (Referent) |
Anal warts in last 12 months | ||||
Yes | 132 | 65 | 49.7 | 1.43 (1.14–1.80) |
No | 783 | 247 | 30.0 | 1.00 (Referent) |
Ever had HIV test | ||||
Yes | 503 | 120 | 23.0 | 1.00 (Referent) |
No | 430 | 199 | 44.6 | 1.71 (1.39–2.10) |
STIa
| n | HIV+ | Weighted % | Adjusted PR (95% CI)b
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Syphilis | ||||
Positive | 193 | 81 | 38.9 | 1.22 (0.98–1.52) |
Negative | 745 | 239 | 31.2 | 1.00 (Referent) |
Chlamydia trachomatis vaginal | ||||
Positive | 39 | 8 | 16.9 | 0.90 (0.54–1.51) |
Negative | 683 | 239 | 33.9 | 1.00 (Referent) |
Chlamydia trachomatis rectal | ||||
Positive | 22 | 4 | 13.2 | 0.80 (0.30–2.10) |
Negative | 706 | 246 | 33.8 | 1.00 (Referent) |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae vaginal | ||||
Positive | 55 | 29 | 49.2 | 1.64 (1.27–2.10) |
Negative | 667 | 218 | 31.8 | 1.00 (Referent) |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae rectal | ||||
Positive | 27 | 16 | 58.9 | 1.96 (1.44–2.66) |
Negative | 701 | 234 | 32.4 | 1.00 (Referent) |
Trichomonas vaginalis | ||||
Positive | 73 | 26 | 32.5 | 1.00 (0.70–1.42) |
Negative | 773 | 263 | 33.3 | 1.00 (Referent) |
Bacterial vaginosis | ||||
Positive | 318 | 128 | 39.9 | 1.19 (0.98–1.46) |
Negative | 526 | 160 | 29.0 | 1.00 (Referent) |
Any STI | ||||
Positive | 511 | 197 | 37.2 | 1.28 (1.05–1.56) |
Negative | 431 | 126 | 27.9 | 1.00 (Referent) |