Introduction
Methods
Results
Background characteristics and place of delivery
1997 (n = 3255) | 2003 (n = 5414) | 2011 (n = 6256) |
P value1, 1
st
vs 2
nd
period
|
P value2, 2
nd
vs 3
rd
period
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | % | |||
Type of residence | |||||
Urban | 23.4 | 35.3 | 31.6 |
<0.01
|
<0.01
|
Rural | 76.6 | 64.7 | 68.4 | ||
Age | |||||
14–19 | 19.1 | 19.2 | 18.5 |
0.44
|
0.23
|
20–25 | 33.9 | 32.5 | 31.9 | ||
26–29 | 18.5 | 18.3 | 17.8 | ||
30+ | 28.5 | 30.0 | 31.8 | ||
Education | |||||
No education | 39.0 | 40.6 | 33.5 |
<0.01
| <0.01 |
Primary | 57.3 | 53.6 | 50.9 | ||
Secondary + | 3.7 | 5.8 | 15.6 | ||
Parity | |||||
1 | 23.4 | 21.7 | 21.7 |
0.12
|
0.66
|
2–3 | 35.7 | 35.0 | 34.8 | ||
4+ | 40.9 | 43.3 | 43.5 | ||
Twin or multiple births | |||||
Yes | 1.6 | 2.2 | 4.0 |
0.11
|
<0.01
|
No | 98.4 | 97.8 | 96.0 | ||
Place of deliverya | |||||
Home | 50.3 | 43.2 | 35.9 |
<0.01
|
<0.01
|
Public health center | 25.1 | 36.0 | 38.0 | ||
Public hospital | 24.0 | 18.8 | 22.8 | ||
Other | 0.7 | 2.0 | 3.3 | ||
Living region | |||||
North | 27.3 | 27.0 | 26.1 |
0.17
|
<0.01
|
Central | 38.9 | 40.8 | 43.8 | ||
South | 33.8 | 32.2 | 30.1 |
C-section rates
Region | 1997 (n = 3224)a | 2003 (n = 5411)a | 2011 (n = 6256)a |
P value1 1
st
vs 2
nd
period
|
P value 2 2
nd
vs 3
rd
period
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nationwide | Overall | 2.5 | 2.1 | 4.7 |
0.19
| <0.01 |
Urban | 6.7 | 4.7 | 9.6 |
<0.05
| <0.01 | |
Rural | 1.2 | 0.6 | 2.5 |
<0.05
| <0.01 | |
P value 3
| <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||
North | Overall | 1.7 | 1.3 | 2.3 |
0.42
| <0.05 |
Urban | 9.3 | 3.5 | 4.6 |
<0.05
| 0.42 | |
Rural | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.6 |
0.28
| <0.01 | |
P value 3
| <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||
Central | Overall | 1.7 | 0.6 | 3.7 |
<0.01
| <0.01 |
Urban | 5.0 | 1.6 | 8.7 |
<0.01
| <0.01 | |
Rural | 1.0 | 0.2 | 2.4 |
<0.01
| <0.01 | |
P value 3
| <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||
South | Overall | 4.0 | 4.5 | 8.3 |
0.51
| <0.01 |
Urban | 6.9 | 7.5 | 12.2 |
0.73
| <0.01 | |
Rural | 2.1 | 1.6 | 3.9 |
0.46
| <0.01 | |
P value 3
| <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||
Place of delivery | Home | 0.6 | 0 | 0 |
--
| -- |
Public health center | 2.5 | 0.4 | 4.3 |
<0.01
| <0.01 | |
Public hospital | 6.6 | 9.8 | 12.6 |
<0.05
| <0.05 | |
Other | 0 | 3.7 | 9.3 |
0.36
| 0.07 |
1997 (n = 3224)a | 2003 (n = 5411) a | 2011 (n = 6256) a |
P value 11
st
vs 2
nd
period
|
P value 2 2
nd
vs 3
rd
period
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||
14–19 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 5.6 |
0.20
| <0.01 |
20–25 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 4.4 |
<0.05
| <0.01 |
26–29 | 3.5 | 1.7 | 4.7 |
<0.05
| <0.01 |
30+ | 1.6 | 2.1 | 4.6 |
0.41
| <0.01 |
P value 3
| 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.46 | ||
Education | |||||
No education | 1.4 | 0.8 | 2.2 |
0.10
| <0.01 |
Primary | 3.1 | 2.3 | 4.2 |
0.12
| <0.01 |
Secondary + | 5.1 | 8.3 | 11.8 |
0.26
| 0.09 |
P value 3
| <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
Parity | |||||
1 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 7.8 |
0.78
| <0.01 |
2–3 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 4.2 |
0.76
| <0.01 |
4+ | 2.1 | 1.2 | 3.6 |
<0.05
| <0.01 |
P value 3
| 0.09 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
Wealth quintile | |||||
Poorest | -- | 0.2 | 1.7 | -- |
<0.01
|
Poor | -- | 0.3 | 2.3 | -- |
<0.01
|
Middle | -- | 0.7 | 2.7 | -- |
<0.01
|
Richer | -- | 2.1 | 4.1 | -- |
<0.01
|
Richest | -- | 7.2 | 12.3 | -- |
<0.01
|
P value 3
| -- | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Crude OR (95 % CI) | Adjusted ORa (95 % CI) | Adjusted ORb (95 % CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
Years | |||
1995–1997 | 1.00 | 1.00 | -- |
2001–2003 | 0.82 (0.62–1.10) | 0.84 (0.63–1.13) | – |
2009–2011 | 1.95 (1.52–2.51) | 1.98 (1.54–2.54) | -- |
Place of residence | |||
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Urban | 4.93 (4.06–5.98) | 4.58 (3.77–5.57) | 4.45 (3.66–5.41) |
Region | |||
North | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Central | 1.21 (0.91–1.62) | 1.20 (0.90–1.61) | 1.19 (0.89–1.58) |
South | 3.41 (2.62–4.43) | 3.02 (2.32–3.94) | 3.08 (2.36–4.01) |
Age | |||
14–19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
20–25 | 0.80 (0.62–1.02) | 1.28 (0.98–1.67) | 1.28 (0.98–1.67) |
26–29 | 0.87 (0.65–1.15) | 2.22 (1.58–3.11) | 2.22 (1.58–3.11) |
30+ | 0.80 (0.62–1.03) | 2.85 (1.98–4.10) | 2.77 (1.92–3.98) |
Education | |||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 2.28 (1.77–2.93) | 2.31 (1.79–2.98) | 2.29 (1.78–2.96) |
Secondary+ | 7.86 (5.95–10.4) | 6.60 (4.93–8.85) | 5.74 (4.26–7.74) |
Parity | |||
1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2–3 | 0.53 (0.43–0.66) | 0.39 (0.31–0.50) | 0.39 (0.31–0.50) |
4+ | 0.44 (0.35–0.54) | 0.21 (0.15–0.29) | 0.21 (0.15–0.29) |
Wealth quintile | |||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Poor | 1.52 (0.88–2.64) | 1.52 (0.88–2.63) | 1.42 (0.82–2.47) |
Middle | 1.93 (1.15–3.25) | 1.95 (1.16–3.28) | 1.86 (1.11–3.13) |
Richer | 3.52 (2.19–5.68) | 3.44 (2.13–5.54) | 3.25 (2.01–5.24) |
Richest | 11.81 (7.60–18.4) | 10.34 (6.63–16.1) | 9.80 (6.28–15.3) |
Place of delivery c | |||
Public health center | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Public hospital | 4.43 (3.59–5.47) | 4.22 (3.42–5.20) | 4.41 (3.57–5.45) |
Other | 2.86 (1.81–4.52) | 2.77 (1.75–4.38) | 2.53 (1.59–4.01) |