Camurati–Engelmann Disease (Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia): Reports of an Indian Kindred

Camurati–Engelmann disease (CED, OMIM 131300), or progressive diaphyseal dysplasia, is a rare autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia, caused by mutations in the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) gene. We describe the first Indian CED family with genetic confirmation and presenting manifestations. The proband is a 17-year-old woman who presented with lower limb pain and proximal muscle weakness. Skeletal radiographs of the long bones revealed cortical, periosteal, and endosteal thickenings, predominantly affecting the diaphyses of the long bones. On detailed evaluation, there was a strong family history of bone disorder with similar symptoms of pain and radiological findings in several family members. Exon sequencing of the TGFβ1 gene was performed in available family members. Based on clinical and radiographic studies and its familial nature, a diagnosis of CED was made and confirmed by mutation analysis. A heterozygous G to A transition in exon 4 of the TGFβ1 gene (R218H) was detected in 5 out of 10 available family members, including 4 affecteds and 1 asymptomatic individual. Many of our affected individuals responded to glucocorticoids and cortical windowing. CED is a rare genetic disease with variable clinical manifestations and incomplete penetrance. CED needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of nonspecific limb pain and waddling gait in all young individuals.