Introduction
Material and methods
Patient sample
Predictors
Statistical analyses
Results
Participants (n = 52 ) | Nonparticipants (n = 55) |
p value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
a
|
n
a
| ||||
Age at ICU admission (months) | 52 | 6.3 (0–193.3) | 55 | 6.5 (0–204.2) | 0.267 |
Male gender | 52 | 28 (54 %) | 55 | 36 (65 %) | 0.242 |
Advanced pediatric life support (APLS) | 52 | 30 (58 %) | 55 | 38 (69 %) | 0.235 |
Out-of-hospital arrest | 52 | 22 (42 %) | 55 | 17 (31 %) | 0.235 |
Bystander CPR | 52 | 51 (98 %) | 52 | 51 (98 %) | 1.00 |
Initial rhythm nonshockable | 41 | 35 (85 %) | 51 | 44 (86 %) | 1.00 |
Etiology | |||||
Cardiac | 52 | 20 (38 %) | 55 | 18 (33 %) | 0.552 |
Arrhythmia | 20 | 6 (30 %) | 18 | 5 (28 %) | |
Cardiomyopathy | 20 | 2 (10 %) | 18 | 3 (17 %) | |
Hypovolemic shock | 20 | 2 (10 %) | 18 | 1 (6 %) | |
Obstructive shock | 20 | 2 (10 %) | 18 | 1 (6 %) | |
Septic shock | 20 | 4 (20 %) | 18 | 3 (17 %) | |
Other | 20 | 4 (20 %) | 18 | 5 (28 %) | |
Respiratory | 52 | 24 (46 %) | 55 | 34 (62 %) | 0.123 |
Aspiration | 24 | 0 (0 %) | 34 | 2 (6 %) | |
Bronchomalacia/bronchospasm | 24 | 4 (17 %) | 34 | 3 (9 %) | |
Bleeding | 24 | 0 (0 %) | 34 | 2 (6 %) | |
Congenital | 24 | 2 (8 %) | 34 | 2 (6 %) | |
Drowning | 24 | 9 (38 %) | 34 | 6 (18 %) | |
Insufficiency/infection | 24 | 2 (8 %) | 34 | 7 (21 %) | |
Intubation related | 24 | 5 (21 %) | 34 | 7 (21 %) | |
Obstruction other | 24 | 1 (4 %) | 34 | 1 (3 %) | |
Pulmonary hypertension | 24 | 0 (0 %) | 34 | 1 (3 %) | |
Other | 24 | 1 (4 %) | 34 | 3 (9 %) | |
Neurologic | 0 (0 %) | 1 (2 %) | 1.00 | ||
ALTE/SIDS | 5 (10 %) | 1 (2 %) | 0.106 | ||
Other/unknown | 3 (6 %) | 1 (2 %) | 0.354 | ||
Pre-existing medical conditionb
| 52 | 28 (54 %) | 55 | 27 (49 %) | 0.700 |
Cardiac | 28 | 16 (57 %) | 27 | 14 (52 %) | 0.789 |
Respiratory | 28 | 9 (32 %) | 27 | 11 (41 %) | 0.582 |
Neurologic | 28 | 0 (0 %) | 27 | 1 (4 %) | 0.491 |
Other | 28 | 3 (11 %) | 27 | 1 (4 %) | 0.611 |
Present health status | |||||
Actual comorbidity | 52 | 30 (58 %) | – | – | – |
Mild therapeutic hypothermiac
| 52 | 8 (15 %) | 55 | 12 (22 %) | 0.462 |
Socioeconomic status at follow-up | |||||
Level 1: “low” | 52 | 4 (8 %) | 55 | 14 (25 %) |
0.019
|
Level 2: “middle” | 52 | 23 (44 %) | 55 | 29 (53 %) | 0.441 |
Level 3: “high” | 52 | 25 (48 %) | 55 | 12 (22 %) |
0.005
|
Age at follow-up (months) | 52 | 103.3 (28.5–220.7) | – | – | – |
Emotional and behavioral functioning
Patients Mean (SD) | Norm Mean (SD) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
CBCL (1.5–5 years) |
n = 19 |
N = 532 |
p value | Cohen’s d
|
Internalizing | 9.68 (8.0) | 7.86 (5.9) | 0.560 | 0.30 |
Emotionally reactive | 3.05 (3.2) | 2.80 (2.5) | 0.811 | 0.10 |
Anxious/depressed | 1.84 (2.1) | 1.81 (1.8) | 0.859 | 0.02 |
Somatic complaints | 2.58 (2.9) | 1.98 (2.0) | 0.604 | 0.30 |
Withdrawn | 2.21 (2.7) | 1.27 (1.4) | 0.116 | 0.64 |
Sleep problems | 2.32 (2.5) | 2.18 (2.1) | 0.946 | 0.07 |
Externalizing | 15.37 (12.0) | 12.51 (7.2) | 0.566 | 0.38 |
Attention problems | 3.68 (2.9) | 2.29 (1.8) |
0.038
| 0.74 |
Aggressive behavior | 11.68 (9.3) | 10.22 (6.1) | 0.835 | 0.23 |
Posttraumatic stress problems | 2.58 (2.3) | 1.99 (1.6) | 0.356 | 0.36 |
Total problem score | 36.37 (25.9) | 30.58 (17.1) | 0.504 | 0.33 |
Deviant range (%)a
| 42 % | 10 % |
<0.001
| |
C-TRF (1.5–5 years) |
n = 11 |
N = 346 |
p value | Cohen’s d
|
Internalizing | 4.55 (3.3) | 5.54 (5.8) | 0.954 | 0.17 |
Emotionally reactive | 0.82 (1.5) | 1.51 (2.0) | 0.153 | 0.35 |
Anxious/depressed | 1.18 (1.1) | 1.60 (2.0) | 0.872 | 0.21 |
Somatic complaints | 0.45 (0.8) | 0.41 (0.9) | 0.778 | 0.04 |
Withdrawn | 2.09 (2.1) | 2.03 (2.4) | 0.667 | 0.02 |
Externalizing | 9.09 (10.7) | 7.69 (9.5) | 0.610 | 0.15 |
Attention problems | 4.18 (5.1) | 2.87 (3.5) | 0.478 | 0.36 |
Aggressive behavior | 4.91 (6.5) | 4.82 (6.7) | 0.768 | 0.01 |
Posttraumatic stress problems | 1.55 (1.1) | 1.26 (1.5) | 0.222 | 0.19 |
Total problem score | 18.55 (16.5) | 17.36 (17.5) | 0.662 | 0.07 |
Deviant range (%)a
| 9 % | 10 % | 0.697 |
Patients Mean (SD) | Norm Mean (SD) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
CBCL (6–18 years) |
n = 31 |
N = 1451 |
p value | Cohen’s d
|
Internalizing | 8.16 (8.8) | 6.64 (5.7) | 0.918 | 0.26 |
Anxious/depressed | 2.55 (3.6) | 3.02 (3.0) | 0.083 | 0.16 |
Withdrawn/depressed | 2.23 (2.6) | 2.11 (2.2) | 0.801 | 0.05 |
Somatic complaints | 3.39 (4.1) | 1.51 (2.0) |
0.003
| 0.90 |
Social problems | 2.84 (3.6) | 2.06 (2.3) | 0.530 | 0.34 |
Thought problems | 2.23 (3.1) | 1.83 (2.1) | 0.988 | 0.19 |
Attention problems | 6.03 (5.0) | 3.77 (3.2) |
0.015
| 0.70 |
Externalizing | 6.00 (6.6) | 6.32 (5.9) | 0.446 | 0.05 |
Rule-breaking behavior | 1.29 (1.6) | 2.01 (2.3) | 0.092 | 0.31 |
Aggressive behavior | 4.71 (5.6) | 4.32 (4.2) | 0.789 | 0.09 |
Posttraumatic stress problems | 4.77 (4.6) | 3.90 (3.3) | 0.473 | 0.26 |
Total problem score | 28.87 (25.5) | 23.91 (16.7) | 0.651 | 0.29 |
Deviant range (%)a
| 19 % | 10 % | 0.083 | |
TRF (6–18 years) |
n = 12 |
N = 1016 |
p value | Cohen’s d
|
Internalizing | 5.83 (8.5) | 5.21 (5.7) | 0.870 | 0.11 |
Anxious/depressed | 2.33 (4.1) | 2.77 (3.3) | 0.194 | 0.13 |
Withdrawn/depressed | 2.08 (3.2) | 1.98 (2.5) | 0.684 | 0.04 |
Somatic complaints | 1.42 (2.3) | 0.46 (1.2) |
0.010
| 0.78 |
Social problems | 1.17 (1.2) | 1.58 (2.4) | 0.860 | 0.17 |
Thought problems | 0.33 (0.7) | 0.45 (1.1) | 0.958 | 0.11 |
Attention problems | 13.00 (8.8) | 8.21 (8.6) |
0.036
| 0.56 |
Inattention | 9.17 (6.0) | 4.86 (5.2) |
0.007
| 0.83 |
Hyperactivity-impulsivity | 3.83 (4.2) | 3.35 (4.4) | 0.466 | 0.11 |
Externalizing | 4.08 (5.8) | 4.22 (6.7) | 0.683 | 0.02 |
Rule-breaking behavior | 1.42 (2.9) | 1.27 (2.2) | 0.900 | 0.07 |
Aggressive behavior | 2.67 (3.7) | 2.94 (4.9) | 0.635 | 0.05 |
Posttraumatic stress problems | 3.00 (3.6) | 2.92 (3.0) | 0.904 | 0.03 |
Total problem score | 24.75 (16.1) | 20.36 (19.5) | 0.195 | 0.23 |
Deviant range (%)a
| 0 % | 10 % | 0.282 | |
YSR (11–18 years) |
n = 11 |
N = 731 |
p value | Cohen’s d
|
Internalizing | 11.73 (8.4) | 10.25 (7.0) | 0.640 | 0.21 |
Anxious/depressed | 3.82 (4.3) | 4.22 (3.7) | 0.423 | 0.11 |
Withdrawn/depressed | 3.18 (2.7) | 3.00 (2.3) | 0.997 | 0.08 |
Somatic complaints | 4.73 (3.7) | 3.03 (2.6) | 0.083 | 0.64 |
Social problems | 1.82 (2.4) | 3.27 (2.4) |
0.027
| 0.60 |
Thought problems | 2.09 (1.7) | 3.12 (2.7) | 0.279 | 0.38 |
Attention problems | 4.36 (2.7) | 5.12 (3.7) | 0.471 | 0.25 |
Externalizing | 7.64 (4.3) | 9.21 (6.4) | 0.518 | 0.25 |
Rule-breaking behavior | 2.82 (1.2) | 3.88 (3.1) | 0.389 | 0.35 |
Aggressive behavior | 4.82 (3.7) | 5.34 (3.9) | 0.659 | 0.13 |
Posttraumatic stress problems | 5.91 (4.3) | 5.99 (3.7) | 0.835 | 0.02 |
Total problem score | 31.00 (14.4) | 35.06 (18.2) | 0.461 | 0.22 |
Deviant range (%)a
| 0 % | 10 % | 0.314 |