Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports 6/2015

01.06.2015 | Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (E Nagel and V Puntmann, Section Editors)

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Ventricular Remodelling

verfasst von: Andris H. Ellims, Andrew J. Taylor

Erschienen in: Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports | Ausgabe 6/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Ventricular remodelling is characterised by changes in ventricular structure and/or function in response to haemodynamic load and/or cardiac injury. Several cardiovascular conditions, including ischaemic heart disease, inherited cardiomyopathies, systemic hypertension and valvular heart disease, may cause ventricular remodelling and, over time, progression to heart failure. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is increasingly utilised to provide gold standard assessments of ventricular structure and function, and also non-invasively evaluate myocardial fibrosis. An enhanced understanding of the mechanisms and natural history of ventricular remodelling by the application of CMR may facilitate therapies to halt or regress maladaptive ventricular remodelling responses.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohn JN, Ferrari R, Sharpe N. Cardiac remodeling–concepts and clinical implications: a consensus paper from an international forum on cardiac remodeling. Behalf of an International Forum on Cardiac Remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(3):569–82.CrossRefPubMed Cohn JN, Ferrari R, Sharpe N. Cardiac remodeling–concepts and clinical implications: a consensus paper from an international forum on cardiac remodeling. Behalf of an International Forum on Cardiac Remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(3):569–82.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Eaton LW, Weiss JL, Bulkley BH, Garrison JB, Weisfeldt ML. Regional cardiac dilatation after acute myocardial infarction: recognition by two-dimensional echocardiography. N Engl J Med. 1979;300(2):57–62.CrossRefPubMed Eaton LW, Weiss JL, Bulkley BH, Garrison JB, Weisfeldt ML. Regional cardiac dilatation after acute myocardial infarction: recognition by two-dimensional echocardiography. N Engl J Med. 1979;300(2):57–62.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat McKay RG, Pfeffer MA, Pasternak RC, Markis JE, Come PC, Nakao S, et al. Left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction: a corollary to infarct expansion. Circulation. 1986;74(4):693–702.CrossRefPubMed McKay RG, Pfeffer MA, Pasternak RC, Markis JE, Come PC, Nakao S, et al. Left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction: a corollary to infarct expansion. Circulation. 1986;74(4):693–702.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Konstam MA, Kramer DG, Patel AR, Maron MS, Udelson JE. Left ventricular remodeling in heart failure: current concepts in clinical significance and assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2011;4(1):98–108.CrossRef Konstam MA, Kramer DG, Patel AR, Maron MS, Udelson JE. Left ventricular remodeling in heart failure: current concepts in clinical significance and assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2011;4(1):98–108.CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Merlo M, Pyxaras SA, Pinamonti B, Barbati G, Di Lenarda A, Sinagra G. Prevalence and prognostic significance of left ventricular reverse remodeling in dilated cardiomyopathy receiving tailored medical treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(13):1468–76.CrossRefPubMed Merlo M, Pyxaras SA, Pinamonti B, Barbati G, Di Lenarda A, Sinagra G. Prevalence and prognostic significance of left ventricular reverse remodeling in dilated cardiomyopathy receiving tailored medical treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(13):1468–76.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Thaman R, Gimeno JR, Reith S, Esteban MT, Limongelli G, Murphy RT, et al. Progressive left ventricular remodeling in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and severe left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(2):398–405.CrossRefPubMed Thaman R, Gimeno JR, Reith S, Esteban MT, Limongelli G, Murphy RT, et al. Progressive left ventricular remodeling in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and severe left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(2):398–405.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Kubo T, Kitaoka H, Okawa M, Matsumura Y, Hitomi N, Yamasaki N, et al. Lifelong left ventricular remodeling of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by a founder frameshift deletion mutation in the cardiac Myosin-binding protein C gene among Japanese. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(9):1737–43.CrossRefPubMed Kubo T, Kitaoka H, Okawa M, Matsumura Y, Hitomi N, Yamasaki N, et al. Lifelong left ventricular remodeling of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by a founder frameshift deletion mutation in the cardiac Myosin-binding protein C gene among Japanese. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(9):1737–43.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Mihl C, Dassen WR, Kuipers H. Cardiac remodelling: concentric versus eccentric hypertrophy in strength and endurance athletes. Neth Heart J. 2008;16(4):129–33.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Mihl C, Dassen WR, Kuipers H. Cardiac remodelling: concentric versus eccentric hypertrophy in strength and endurance athletes. Neth Heart J. 2008;16(4):129–33.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Ho KK, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, Levy D. The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22(4 Suppl A):6A–13.CrossRefPubMed Ho KK, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, Levy D. The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22(4 Suppl A):6A–13.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey Jr DE, Drazner MH, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(16):e147–239.CrossRefPubMed Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey Jr DE, Drazner MH, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(16):e147–239.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldberg RJ, Ciampa J, Lessard D, Meyer TE, Spencer FA. Long-term survival after heart failure: a contemporary population-based perspective. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(5):490–6.CrossRefPubMed Goldberg RJ, Ciampa J, Lessard D, Meyer TE, Spencer FA. Long-term survival after heart failure: a contemporary population-based perspective. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(5):490–6.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Reiss K, Capasso JM, Huang HE, Meggs LG, Li P, Anversa P. ANG II receptors, c-myc, and c-jun in myocytes after myocardial infarction and ventricular failure. Am J Physiol. 1993;264(3 Pt 2):H760–9.PubMed Reiss K, Capasso JM, Huang HE, Meggs LG, Li P, Anversa P. ANG II receptors, c-myc, and c-jun in myocytes after myocardial infarction and ventricular failure. Am J Physiol. 1993;264(3 Pt 2):H760–9.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohn JN, Levine TB, Olivari MT, Garberg V, Lura D, Francis GS, et al. Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1984;311(13):819–23.CrossRefPubMed Cohn JN, Levine TB, Olivari MT, Garberg V, Lura D, Francis GS, et al. Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1984;311(13):819–23.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Sadoshima J, Izumo S. Molecular characterization of angiotensin II–induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and hyperplasia of cardiac fibroblasts. Critical role of the AT1 receptor subtype. Circ Res. 1993;73(3):413–23.CrossRefPubMed Sadoshima J, Izumo S. Molecular characterization of angiotensin II–induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and hyperplasia of cardiac fibroblasts. Critical role of the AT1 receptor subtype. Circ Res. 1993;73(3):413–23.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson KR, Sutton MG, Lie JT. Histopathological types of cardiac fibrosis in myocardial disease. J Pathol. 1979;128(2):79–85.CrossRefPubMed Anderson KR, Sutton MG, Lie JT. Histopathological types of cardiac fibrosis in myocardial disease. J Pathol. 1979;128(2):79–85.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Weisman HF, Bush DE, Mannisi JA, Bulkley BH. Global cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction: a study in the rat model. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5(6):1355–62.CrossRefPubMed Weisman HF, Bush DE, Mannisi JA, Bulkley BH. Global cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction: a study in the rat model. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5(6):1355–62.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaudron P, Eilles C, Kugler I, Ertl G. Progressive left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling after myocardial infarction. Potential mechanisms and early predictors. Circulation. 1993;87(3):755–63.CrossRefPubMed Gaudron P, Eilles C, Kugler I, Ertl G. Progressive left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling after myocardial infarction. Potential mechanisms and early predictors. Circulation. 1993;87(3):755–63.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell GF, Lamas GA, Vaughan DE, Pfeffer MA. Left ventricular remodeling in the year after first anterior myocardial infarction: a quantitative analysis of contractile segment lengths and ventricular shape. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19(6):1136–44.CrossRefPubMed Mitchell GF, Lamas GA, Vaughan DE, Pfeffer MA. Left ventricular remodeling in the year after first anterior myocardial infarction: a quantitative analysis of contractile segment lengths and ventricular shape. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19(6):1136–44.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Rumberger JA, Behrenbeck T, Breen JR, Reed JE, Gersh BJ. Nonparallel changes in global left ventricular chamber volume and muscle mass during the first year after transmural myocardial infarction in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;21(3):673–82.CrossRefPubMed Rumberger JA, Behrenbeck T, Breen JR, Reed JE, Gersh BJ. Nonparallel changes in global left ventricular chamber volume and muscle mass during the first year after transmural myocardial infarction in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;21(3):673–82.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat White HD, Norris RM, Brown MA, Brandt PW, Whitlock RM, Wild CJ. Left ventricular end-systolic volume as the major determinant of survival after recovery from myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1987;76(1):44–51.CrossRefPubMed White HD, Norris RM, Brown MA, Brandt PW, Whitlock RM, Wild CJ. Left ventricular end-systolic volume as the major determinant of survival after recovery from myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1987;76(1):44–51.CrossRefPubMed
21.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Experimental observations and clinical implications. Circulation. 1990;81(4):1161–72.CrossRefPubMed Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Experimental observations and clinical implications. Circulation. 1990;81(4):1161–72.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Seidman JG, Seidman C. The genetic basis for cardiomyopathy: from mutation identification to mechanistic paradigms. Cell. 2001;104(4):557–67.CrossRefPubMed Seidman JG, Seidman C. The genetic basis for cardiomyopathy: from mutation identification to mechanistic paradigms. Cell. 2001;104(4):557–67.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahmad F, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. The genetic basis for cardiac remodeling. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2005;6:185–216.CrossRefPubMed Ahmad F, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. The genetic basis for cardiac remodeling. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2005;6:185–216.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Teiger E, Than VD, Richard L, Wisnewsky C, Tea BS, Gaboury L, et al. Apoptosis in pressure overload-induced heart hypertrophy in the rat. J Clin Invest. 1996;97(12):2891–7.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Teiger E, Than VD, Richard L, Wisnewsky C, Tea BS, Gaboury L, et al. Apoptosis in pressure overload-induced heart hypertrophy in the rat. J Clin Invest. 1996;97(12):2891–7.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Olivetti G, Abbi R, Quaini F, Kajstura J, Cheng W, Nitahara JA, et al. Apoptosis in the failing human heart. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(16):1131–41.CrossRefPubMed Olivetti G, Abbi R, Quaini F, Kajstura J, Cheng W, Nitahara JA, et al. Apoptosis in the failing human heart. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(16):1131–41.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Konstam MA, Rousseau MF, Kronenberg MW, Udelson JE, Melin J, Stewart D, et al. Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with heart failure. SOLVD Investigators. Circulation. 1992;86(2):431–8.CrossRefPubMed Konstam MA, Rousseau MF, Kronenberg MW, Udelson JE, Melin J, Stewart D, et al. Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with heart failure. SOLVD Investigators. Circulation. 1992;86(2):431–8.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Tamura T, Said S, Harris J, Lu W, Gerdes AM. Reverse remodeling of cardiac myocyte hypertrophy in hypertension and failure by targeting of the renin-angiotensin system. Circulation. 2000;102(2):253–9.CrossRefPubMed Tamura T, Said S, Harris J, Lu W, Gerdes AM. Reverse remodeling of cardiac myocyte hypertrophy in hypertension and failure by targeting of the renin-angiotensin system. Circulation. 2000;102(2):253–9.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong M, Staszewsky L, Latini R, Barlera S, Volpi A, Chiang YT, et al. Valsartan benefits left ventricular structure and function in heart failure: Val-HeFT echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(5):970–5.CrossRefPubMed Wong M, Staszewsky L, Latini R, Barlera S, Volpi A, Chiang YT, et al. Valsartan benefits left ventricular structure and function in heart failure: Val-HeFT echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(5):970–5.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Zannad F, Alla F, Dousset B, Perez A, Pitt B. Limitation of excessive extracellular matrix turnover may contribute to survival benefit of spironolactone therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: insights from the randomized aldactone evaluation study (RALES). Rales Investigators. Circulation. 2000;102(22):2700–6.CrossRefPubMed Zannad F, Alla F, Dousset B, Perez A, Pitt B. Limitation of excessive extracellular matrix turnover may contribute to survival benefit of spironolactone therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: insights from the randomized aldactone evaluation study (RALES). Rales Investigators. Circulation. 2000;102(22):2700–6.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Opie LH, Commerford PJ, Gersh BJ, Pfeffer MA. Controversies in ventricular remodelling. Lancet. 2006;367(9507):356–67.CrossRefPubMed Opie LH, Commerford PJ, Gersh BJ, Pfeffer MA. Controversies in ventricular remodelling. Lancet. 2006;367(9507):356–67.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Hein S, Arnon E, Kostin S, Schönburg M, Elsässer A, Polyakova V, et al. Progression from compensated hypertrophy to failure in the pressure-overloaded human heart structural deterioration and compensatory mechanisms. Circulation. 2003;107(7):984–91.CrossRefPubMed Hein S, Arnon E, Kostin S, Schönburg M, Elsässer A, Polyakova V, et al. Progression from compensated hypertrophy to failure in the pressure-overloaded human heart structural deterioration and compensatory mechanisms. Circulation. 2003;107(7):984–91.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Konstam MA, Udelson JE, Anand IS, Cohn JN. Ventricular remodeling in heart failure: a credible surrogate endpoint. J Card Fail. 2003;9(5):350–3.CrossRefPubMed Konstam MA, Udelson JE, Anand IS, Cohn JN. Ventricular remodeling in heart failure: a credible surrogate endpoint. J Card Fail. 2003;9(5):350–3.CrossRefPubMed
34.•
Zurück zum Zitat Ellims AH, Shaw JA, Stub D, Iles LM, Hare JL, Slavin GS, et al. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis evaluated by post-contrast t1 mapping correlates with left ventricular stiffness. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(11):1112–8. This paper from our group documents, for the first time, a physiological association between post-contrast myocardial T1 time and invasively-determined LV filling parameters.CrossRefPubMed Ellims AH, Shaw JA, Stub D, Iles LM, Hare JL, Slavin GS, et al. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis evaluated by post-contrast t1 mapping correlates with left ventricular stiffness. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(11):1112–8. This paper from our group documents, for the first time, a physiological association between post-contrast myocardial T1 time and invasively-determined LV filling parameters.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Zerhouni EA, Parish DM, Rogers WJ, Yang A, Shapiro EP. Human heart: tagging with MR imaging–a method for noninvasive assessment of myocardial motion. Radiology. 1988;169(1):59–63.CrossRefPubMed Zerhouni EA, Parish DM, Rogers WJ, Yang A, Shapiro EP. Human heart: tagging with MR imaging–a method for noninvasive assessment of myocardial motion. Radiology. 1988;169(1):59–63.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Young AA, Kramer CM, Ferrari VA, Axel L, Reichek N. Three-dimensional left ventricular deformation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1994;90(2):854–67.CrossRefPubMed Young AA, Kramer CM, Ferrari VA, Axel L, Reichek N. Three-dimensional left ventricular deformation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1994;90(2):854–67.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Popovic ZB, Kwon DH, Mishra M, Buakhamsri A, Greenberg NL, Thamilarasan M, et al. Association between regional ventricular function and myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography and delayed hyperenhancement magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(12):1299–305.CrossRefPubMed Popovic ZB, Kwon DH, Mishra M, Buakhamsri A, Greenberg NL, Thamilarasan M, et al. Association between regional ventricular function and myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography and delayed hyperenhancement magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(12):1299–305.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Quarta G, Grasso A, Pasquale F, Flett AS, Sado DM, Bonini E, et al. Evolution and clinical importance of fibrosis in HCM. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2011;4(11):1221–3.CrossRef Quarta G, Grasso A, Pasquale F, Flett AS, Sado DM, Bonini E, et al. Evolution and clinical importance of fibrosis in HCM. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2011;4(11):1221–3.CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Iles L, Pfluger H, Phrommintikul A, Cherayath J, Aksit P, Gupta SN, et al. Evaluation of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in heart failure with cardiac magnetic resonance contrast-enhanced T1 mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(19):1574–80.CrossRefPubMed Iles L, Pfluger H, Phrommintikul A, Cherayath J, Aksit P, Gupta SN, et al. Evaluation of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in heart failure with cardiac magnetic resonance contrast-enhanced T1 mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(19):1574–80.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Sibley CT, Noureldin RA, Gai N, Nacif MS, Liu S, Turkbey EB, et al. T1 mapping in cardiomyopathy at cardiac MR: comparison with endomyocardial biopsy. Radiology. 2012;265(3):724–32.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Sibley CT, Noureldin RA, Gai N, Nacif MS, Liu S, Turkbey EB, et al. T1 mapping in cardiomyopathy at cardiac MR: comparison with endomyocardial biopsy. Radiology. 2012;265(3):724–32.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Iles LM, Ellims AH, Llewellyn H, Hare JL, Kaye DM, McLean CA, et al. Histological validation of cardiac magnetic resonance analysis of regional and diffuse interstitial myocardial fibrosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;In Press. Iles LM, Ellims AH, Llewellyn H, Hare JL, Kaye DM, McLean CA, et al. Histological validation of cardiac magnetic resonance analysis of regional and diffuse interstitial myocardial fibrosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;In Press.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Croisille P, Revel D, Saeed M. Contrast agents and cardiac MR imaging of myocardial ischemia: from bench to bedside. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(9):1951–63.CrossRefPubMed Croisille P, Revel D, Saeed M. Contrast agents and cardiac MR imaging of myocardial ischemia: from bench to bedside. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(9):1951–63.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Alakija P, Cooper LT, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC White Paper. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(17):1475–87.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Alakija P, Cooper LT, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC White Paper. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(17):1475–87.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdel-Aty H, Boye P, Zagrosek A, Wassmuth R, Kumar A, Messroghli D, et al. Diagnostic performance of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with suspected acute myocarditis: comparison of different approaches. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(11):1815–22.CrossRefPubMed Abdel-Aty H, Boye P, Zagrosek A, Wassmuth R, Kumar A, Messroghli D, et al. Diagnostic performance of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with suspected acute myocarditis: comparison of different approaches. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(11):1815–22.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim RJ, Chen EL, Lima JA, Judd RM. Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and reflect the extent and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction. Circulation. 1996;94(12):3318–26.CrossRefPubMed Kim RJ, Chen EL, Lima JA, Judd RM. Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and reflect the extent and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction. Circulation. 1996;94(12):3318–26.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Flett AS, Hasleton J, Cook C, Hausenloy D, Quarta G, Ariti C, et al. Evaluation of techniques for the quantification of myocardial scar of differing etiology using cardiac magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2011;4(2):150–6.CrossRef Flett AS, Hasleton J, Cook C, Hausenloy D, Quarta G, Ariti C, et al. Evaluation of techniques for the quantification of myocardial scar of differing etiology using cardiac magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2011;4(2):150–6.CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Yan AT, Shayne AJ, Brown KA, Gupta SN, Chan CW, Luu TM, et al. Characterization of the peri-infarct zone by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful predictor of post-myocardial infarction mortality. Circulation. 2006;114(1):32–9.CrossRefPubMed Yan AT, Shayne AJ, Brown KA, Gupta SN, Chan CW, Luu TM, et al. Characterization of the peri-infarct zone by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful predictor of post-myocardial infarction mortality. Circulation. 2006;114(1):32–9.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt A, Azevedo CF, Cheng A, Gupta SN, Bluemke DA, Foo TK, et al. Infarct tissue heterogeneity by magnetic resonance imaging identifies enhanced cardiac arrhythmia susceptibility in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 2007;115(15):2006–14.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Schmidt A, Azevedo CF, Cheng A, Gupta SN, Bluemke DA, Foo TK, et al. Infarct tissue heterogeneity by magnetic resonance imaging identifies enhanced cardiac arrhythmia susceptibility in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 2007;115(15):2006–14.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Schuster EH, Bulkley BH. Ischemic cardiomyopathy: a clinicopathologic study of fourteen patients. Am Heart J. 1980;100(4):506–12.CrossRefPubMed Schuster EH, Bulkley BH. Ischemic cardiomyopathy: a clinicopathologic study of fourteen patients. Am Heart J. 1980;100(4):506–12.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Judd RM, Sechtem U, Kim RJ. Delayed enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(15):1461–74.CrossRefPubMed Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Judd RM, Sechtem U, Kim RJ. Delayed enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(15):1461–74.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, Chen EL, Parker MA, Simonetti O, et al. The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(20):1445–53.CrossRefPubMed Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, Chen EL, Parker MA, Simonetti O, et al. The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(20):1445–53.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Lund GK, Stork A, Muellerleile K, Barmeyer AA, Bansmann MP, Knefel M, et al. Prediction of left ventricular remodeling and analysis of infarct resorption in patients with reperfused myocardial infarcts by using contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 2007;245(1):95–102.CrossRefPubMed Lund GK, Stork A, Muellerleile K, Barmeyer AA, Bansmann MP, Knefel M, et al. Prediction of left ventricular remodeling and analysis of infarct resorption in patients with reperfused myocardial infarcts by using contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 2007;245(1):95–102.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu E, Ortiz JT, Tejedor P, Lee DC, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Kansal P, et al. Infarct size by contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance is a stronger predictor of outcomes than left ventricular ejection fraction or end-systolic volume index: prospective cohort study. Heart. 2008;94(6):730–6.CrossRefPubMed Wu E, Ortiz JT, Tejedor P, Lee DC, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Kansal P, et al. Infarct size by contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance is a stronger predictor of outcomes than left ventricular ejection fraction or end-systolic volume index: prospective cohort study. Heart. 2008;94(6):730–6.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexandre J, Saloux E, Lebon A, Dugue AE, Lemaitre A, Roule V, et al. Scar extent as a predictive factor of ventricular tachycardia cycle length after myocardial infarction: implications for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator programming optimization. Europace. 2013 Alexandre J, Saloux E, Lebon A, Dugue AE, Lemaitre A, Roule V, et al. Scar extent as a predictive factor of ventricular tachycardia cycle length after myocardial infarction: implications for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator programming optimization. Europace. 2013
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Bradley DJ, Bradley EA, Baughman KL, Berger RD, Calkins H, Goodman SN, et al. Cardiac resynchronization and death from progressive heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2003;289(6):730–40.CrossRefPubMed Bradley DJ, Bradley EA, Baughman KL, Berger RD, Calkins H, Goodman SN, et al. Cardiac resynchronization and death from progressive heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2003;289(6):730–40.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(15):1539–49.CrossRefPubMed Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(15):1539–49.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Rivero-Ayerza M, Theuns DA, Garcia-Garcia HM, Boersma E, Simoons M, Jordaens LJ. Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on overall mortality and mode of death: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(22):2682–8.CrossRefPubMed Rivero-Ayerza M, Theuns DA, Garcia-Garcia HM, Boersma E, Simoons M, Jordaens LJ. Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on overall mortality and mode of death: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(22):2682–8.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat McAlister FA, Ezekowitz JA, Wiebe N, Rowe B, Spooner C, Crumley E, et al. Systematic review: cardiac resynchronization in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(5):381–90.CrossRefPubMed McAlister FA, Ezekowitz JA, Wiebe N, Rowe B, Spooner C, Crumley E, et al. Systematic review: cardiac resynchronization in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(5):381–90.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Ellims AH, Pfluger H, Elsik M, Butler MJ, Hare JL, Taylor AJ. Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, echocardiography and electrocardiography for the prediction of clinical response and long-term survival following cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;29(6):1303–11.CrossRefPubMed Ellims AH, Pfluger H, Elsik M, Butler MJ, Hare JL, Taylor AJ. Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, echocardiography and electrocardiography for the prediction of clinical response and long-term survival following cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;29(6):1303–11.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Bleeker GB, Kaandorp TA, Lamb HJ, Boersma E, Steendijk P, de Roos A, et al. Effect of posterolateral scar tissue on clinical and echocardiographic improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2006;113(7):969–76.CrossRefPubMed Bleeker GB, Kaandorp TA, Lamb HJ, Boersma E, Steendijk P, de Roos A, et al. Effect of posterolateral scar tissue on clinical and echocardiographic improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2006;113(7):969–76.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat White JA, Yee R, Yuan X, Krahn A, Skanes A, Parker M, et al. Delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with intraventricular dyssynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(10):1953–60.CrossRefPubMed White JA, Yee R, Yuan X, Krahn A, Skanes A, Parker M, et al. Delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with intraventricular dyssynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(10):1953–60.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor AJ, Elsik M, Broughton A, Cherayath J, Leet A, Wong C, et al. Combined dyssynchrony and scar imaging with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging predicts clinical response and long-term prognosis following cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2010;12(5):708–13.CrossRefPubMed Taylor AJ, Elsik M, Broughton A, Cherayath J, Leet A, Wong C, et al. Combined dyssynchrony and scar imaging with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging predicts clinical response and long-term prognosis following cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2010;12(5):708–13.CrossRefPubMed
64.
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilcox JE, Fonarow GC, Yancy CW, Albert NM, Curtis AB, Heywood JT, et al. Factors associated with improvement in ejection fraction in clinical practice among patients with heart failure: findings from IMPROVE HF. Am Heart J. 2012;163(1):49–56 e2.CrossRefPubMed Wilcox JE, Fonarow GC, Yancy CW, Albert NM, Curtis AB, Heywood JT, et al. Factors associated with improvement in ejection fraction in clinical practice among patients with heart failure: findings from IMPROVE HF. Am Heart J. 2012;163(1):49–56 e2.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Assomull RG, Prasad SK, Lyne J, Smith G, Burman ED, Khan M, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, fibrosis, and prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(10):1977–85.CrossRefPubMed Assomull RG, Prasad SK, Lyne J, Smith G, Burman ED, Khan M, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, fibrosis, and prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(10):1977–85.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Leyva F, Taylor RJ, Foley PW, Umar F, Mulligan LJ, Patel K, et al. Left ventricular midwall fibrosis as a predictor of mortality and morbidity after cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(17):1659–67.CrossRefPubMed Leyva F, Taylor RJ, Foley PW, Umar F, Mulligan LJ, Patel K, et al. Left ventricular midwall fibrosis as a predictor of mortality and morbidity after cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(17):1659–67.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Iles L, Pfluger H, Lefkovits L, Butler MJ, Kistler PM, Kaye DM, et al. Myocardial fibrosis predicts appropriate device therapy in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(7):821–8.CrossRefPubMed Iles L, Pfluger H, Lefkovits L, Butler MJ, Kistler PM, Kaye DM, et al. Myocardial fibrosis predicts appropriate device therapy in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(7):821–8.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Kubanek M, Sramko M, Maluskova J, Kautznerova D, Weichet J, Lupinek P, et al. Novel predictors of left ventricular reverse remodeling in individuals with recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(1):54–63.CrossRefPubMed Kubanek M, Sramko M, Maluskova J, Kautznerova D, Weichet J, Lupinek P, et al. Novel predictors of left ventricular reverse remodeling in individuals with recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(1):54–63.CrossRefPubMed
70.•
Zurück zum Zitat Masci PG, Schuurman R, Andrea B, Ripoli A, Coceani M, Chiappino S, et al. Myocardial fibrosis as a key determinant of left ventricular remodeling in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(5):790–9. This paper emphasises both the importance of myocardial fibrosis in ventricular remodelling and the immense value of CMR to non-invasively assess this fibrosis. Masci PG, Schuurman R, Andrea B, Ripoli A, Coceani M, Chiappino S, et al. Myocardial fibrosis as a key determinant of left ventricular remodeling in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(5):790–9. This paper emphasises both the importance of myocardial fibrosis in ventricular remodelling and the immense value of CMR to non-invasively assess this fibrosis.
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124(24):e783–831.CrossRefPubMed Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124(24):e783–831.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Harris KM, Spirito P, Maron MS, Zenovich AG, Formisano F, Lesser JR, et al. Prevalence, clinical profile, and significance of left ventricular remodeling in the end-stage phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2006;114(3):216–25.CrossRefPubMed Harris KM, Spirito P, Maron MS, Zenovich AG, Formisano F, Lesser JR, et al. Prevalence, clinical profile, and significance of left ventricular remodeling in the end-stage phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2006;114(3):216–25.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Spindler M, Saupe KW, Christe ME, Sweeney HL, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, et al. Diastolic dysfunction and altered energetics in the alphaMHC403/+ mouse model of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest. 1998;101(8):1775–83.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Spindler M, Saupe KW, Christe ME, Sweeney HL, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, et al. Diastolic dysfunction and altered energetics in the alphaMHC403/+ mouse model of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest. 1998;101(8):1775–83.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron BJ, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE, Roberts WC. Intramural ("small vessel") coronary artery disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;8(3):545–57.CrossRefPubMed Maron BJ, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE, Roberts WC. Intramural ("small vessel") coronary artery disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;8(3):545–57.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Shah PM. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and diastolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(2):286–7.CrossRefPubMed Shah PM. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and diastolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(2):286–7.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohsato K, Shimizu M, Sugihara N, Konishi K, Takeda R. Histopathological factors related to diastolic function in myocardial hypertrophy. Jpn Circ J. 1992;56(4):325–33.CrossRefPubMed Ohsato K, Shimizu M, Sugihara N, Konishi K, Takeda R. Histopathological factors related to diastolic function in myocardial hypertrophy. Jpn Circ J. 1992;56(4):325–33.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim RJ, Judd RM. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: in vivo imaging of the pathologic substrate for premature cardiac death? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(9):1568–72.CrossRefPubMed Kim RJ, Judd RM. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: in vivo imaging of the pathologic substrate for premature cardiac death? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(9):1568–72.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson JM, Villareal RP, Hariharan R, Massumi A, Muthupillai R, Flamm SD. Magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Tex Heart Inst J. 2002;29(3):176–80.PubMedCentralPubMed Wilson JM, Villareal RP, Hariharan R, Massumi A, Muthupillai R, Flamm SD. Magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Tex Heart Inst J. 2002;29(3):176–80.PubMedCentralPubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Teraoka K, Hirano M, Ookubo H, Sasaki K, Katsuyama H, Amino M, et al. Delayed contrast enhancement of MRI in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Magn Reson Imaging. 2004;22(2):155–61.CrossRefPubMed Teraoka K, Hirano M, Ookubo H, Sasaki K, Katsuyama H, Amino M, et al. Delayed contrast enhancement of MRI in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Magn Reson Imaging. 2004;22(2):155–61.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Rubinshtein R, Glockner JF, Ommen SR, Araoz PA, Ackerman MJ, Sorajja P, et al. Characteristics and clinical significance of late gadolinium enhancement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2010;3(1):51–8.CrossRefPubMed Rubinshtein R, Glockner JF, Ommen SR, Araoz PA, Ackerman MJ, Sorajja P, et al. Characteristics and clinical significance of late gadolinium enhancement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2010;3(1):51–8.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Choudhury L, Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Choi KM, Elliott MD, Klocke FJ, et al. Myocardial scarring in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(12):2156–64.CrossRefPubMed Choudhury L, Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Choi KM, Elliott MD, Klocke FJ, et al. Myocardial scarring in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(12):2156–64.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Noureldin RA, Liu S, Nacif MS, Judge DP, Halushka MK, Abraham TP, et al. The diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14:17.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Noureldin RA, Liu S, Nacif MS, Judge DP, Halushka MK, Abraham TP, et al. The diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14:17.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron MS, Appelbaum E, Harrigan CJ, Buros J, Gibson CM, Hanna C, et al. Clinical profile and significance of delayed enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2008;1(3):184–91.CrossRefPubMed Maron MS, Appelbaum E, Harrigan CJ, Buros J, Gibson CM, Hanna C, et al. Clinical profile and significance of delayed enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2008;1(3):184–91.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron MS, Olivotto I, Maron BJ, Prasad SK, Cecchi F, Udelson JE, et al. The case for myocardial ischemia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(9):866–75.CrossRefPubMed Maron MS, Olivotto I, Maron BJ, Prasad SK, Cecchi F, Udelson JE, et al. The case for myocardial ischemia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(9):866–75.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwon DH, Smedira NG, Rodriguez ER, Tan C, Setser R, Thamilarasan M, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance detection of myocardial scarring in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: correlation with histopathology and prevalence of ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(3):242–9.CrossRefPubMed Kwon DH, Smedira NG, Rodriguez ER, Tan C, Setser R, Thamilarasan M, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance detection of myocardial scarring in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: correlation with histopathology and prevalence of ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(3):242–9.CrossRefPubMed
86.•
Zurück zum Zitat Ellims AH, Iles LM, Ling LH, Chong B, Macciocca I, Slavin GS, et al. A comprehensive evaluation of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: linking genotype with fibrotic phenotype. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014. Our group found that HCM patients with an identifiable pathogenic mutation had significantly more regional fibrosis, but less diffuse fibrosis, than those without such a mutation. This finding may partially account for clinical heterogeneity in this condition. Ellims AH, Iles LM, Ling LH, Chong B, Macciocca I, Slavin GS, et al. A comprehensive evaluation of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: linking genotype with fibrotic phenotype. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014. Our group found that HCM patients with an identifiable pathogenic mutation had significantly more regional fibrosis, but less diffuse fibrosis, than those without such a mutation. This finding may partially account for clinical heterogeneity in this condition.
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Moon JC, McKenna WJ, McCrohon JA, Elliott PM, Smith GC, Pennell DJ. Toward clinical risk assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(9):1561–7.CrossRefPubMed Moon JC, McKenna WJ, McCrohon JA, Elliott PM, Smith GC, Pennell DJ. Toward clinical risk assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(9):1561–7.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Adabag AS, Maron BJ, Appelbaum E, Harrigan CJ, Buros JL, Gibson CM, et al. Occurrence and frequency of arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in relation to delayed enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(14):1369–74.CrossRefPubMed Adabag AS, Maron BJ, Appelbaum E, Harrigan CJ, Buros JL, Gibson CM, et al. Occurrence and frequency of arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in relation to delayed enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(14):1369–74.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruder O, Wagner A, Jensen CJ, Schneider S, Ong P, Kispert EM, et al. Myocardial scar visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predicts major adverse events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(11):875–87.CrossRefPubMed Bruder O, Wagner A, Jensen CJ, Schneider S, Ong P, Kispert EM, et al. Myocardial scar visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predicts major adverse events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(11):875–87.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat O'Hanlon R, Grasso A, Roughton M, Moon JC, Clark S, Wage R, et al. Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(11):867–74.CrossRefPubMed O'Hanlon R, Grasso A, Roughton M, Moon JC, Clark S, Wage R, et al. Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(11):867–74.CrossRefPubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Green JJ, Berger JS, Kramer CM, Salerno M. Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement in clinical outcomes for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2012;5(4):370–7.CrossRef Green JJ, Berger JS, Kramer CM, Salerno M. Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement in clinical outcomes for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2012;5(4):370–7.CrossRef
92.•
Zurück zum Zitat Chan RH, Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Pencina MJ, Assenza GE, Haas T, et al. Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2014;130(6):484–95. A key paper linking adverse outcomes in HCM to the quantity of regional myocardial fibrosis (by LGE). These findings will likely be incorporated into HCM guidelines and assist in identifying patients at high-risk of sudden cardiac death.CrossRefPubMed Chan RH, Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Pencina MJ, Assenza GE, Haas T, et al. Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2014;130(6):484–95. A key paper linking adverse outcomes in HCM to the quantity of regional myocardial fibrosis (by LGE). These findings will likely be incorporated into HCM guidelines and assist in identifying patients at high-risk of sudden cardiac death.CrossRefPubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Varnava AM, Elliott PM, Sharma S, McKenna WJ, Davies MJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the interrelation of disarray, fibrosis, and small vessel disease. Heart. 2000;84(5):476–82.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Varnava AM, Elliott PM, Sharma S, McKenna WJ, Davies MJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the interrelation of disarray, fibrosis, and small vessel disease. Heart. 2000;84(5):476–82.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrigan CJ, Peters DC, Gibson CM, Maron BJ, Manning WJ, Maron MS, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: quantification of late gadolinium enhancement with contrast-enhanced cardiovascular MR imaging. Radiology. 2011;258(1):128–33.CrossRefPubMed Harrigan CJ, Peters DC, Gibson CM, Maron BJ, Manning WJ, Maron MS, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: quantification of late gadolinium enhancement with contrast-enhanced cardiovascular MR imaging. Radiology. 2011;258(1):128–33.CrossRefPubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Aquaro GD, Positano V, Pingitore A, Strata E, Di Bella G, Formisano F, et al. Quantitative analysis of late gadolinium enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010;12:21.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Aquaro GD, Positano V, Pingitore A, Strata E, Di Bella G, Formisano F, et al. Quantitative analysis of late gadolinium enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010;12:21.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Spiewak M, Malek LA, Misko J, Chojnowska L, Milosz B, Klopotowski M, et al. Comparison of different quantification methods of late gadolinium enhancement in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Radiol. 2010;74(3):e149–53.CrossRefPubMed Spiewak M, Malek LA, Misko J, Chojnowska L, Milosz B, Klopotowski M, et al. Comparison of different quantification methods of late gadolinium enhancement in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Radiol. 2010;74(3):e149–53.CrossRefPubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Todiere G, Aquaro GD, Piaggi P, Formisano F, Barison A, Masci PG, et al. Progression of myocardial fibrosis assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(10):922–9.CrossRefPubMed Todiere G, Aquaro GD, Piaggi P, Formisano F, Barison A, Masci PG, et al. Progression of myocardial fibrosis assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(10):922–9.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Ventricular Remodelling
verfasst von
Andris H. Ellims
Andrew J. Taylor
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2015
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports / Ausgabe 6/2015
Print ISSN: 1941-9066
Elektronische ISSN: 1941-9074
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12410-015-9335-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2015

Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports 6/2015 Zur Ausgabe

Cardiac Computed Tomography (TC Villines, Section Editor)

Management of Coronary Artery Calcium and Coronary CTA Findings

Intravascular Imaging (I.-K. Jang, Section Editor)

Vulnerable Plaque: Molecular Imaging

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (E Nagel and V Puntmann, Section Editors)

Advances in CMR of Post-ablation Atrial Injury

Triglyzeridsenker schützt nicht nur Hochrisikopatienten

10.05.2024 Hypercholesterinämie Nachrichten

Patienten mit Arteriosklerose-bedingten kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, die trotz Statineinnahme zu hohe Triglyzeridspiegel haben, profitieren von einer Behandlung mit Icosapent-Ethyl, und zwar unabhängig vom individuellen Risikoprofil.

Gibt es eine Wende bei den bioresorbierbaren Gefäßstützen?

In den USA ist erstmals eine bioresorbierbare Gefäßstütze – auch Scaffold genannt – zur Rekanalisation infrapoplitealer Arterien bei schwerer PAVK zugelassen worden. Das markiert einen Wendepunkt in der Geschichte dieser speziellen Gefäßstützen.

Vorsicht, erhöhte Blutungsgefahr nach PCI!

10.05.2024 Koronare Herzerkrankung Nachrichten

Nach PCI besteht ein erhöhtes Blutungsrisiko, wenn die Behandelten eine verminderte linksventrikuläre Ejektionsfraktion aufweisen. Das Risiko ist umso höher, je stärker die Pumpfunktion eingeschränkt ist.

Darf man die Behandlung eines Neonazis ablehnen?

08.05.2024 Gesellschaft Nachrichten

In einer Leseranfrage in der Zeitschrift Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology möchte ein anonymer Dermatologe bzw. eine anonyme Dermatologin wissen, ob er oder sie einen Patienten behandeln muss, der eine rassistische Tätowierung trägt.

Update Kardiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.