Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Parameter-time point/group | Number of dogs that used the operated limb/number of dogs in group | Range of motion (% from normal) at 30 days after the fixator removal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knee joint extension (%) | Ankle joint extension | |||||
½ D | D | F | WA | |||
1 (1 mm/day in 4 steps) | 4/10 | 2/10 | 4/6 | 3/3 | 100 | 60% |
2 (1 mm/day in 60 steps) | 11/121,3,4 | 10/121,3,4 | 6/6 | 3/3 | 100 | 100% |
3 (3 mm/day in 120 steps) | 3/9 | 0/9 | 5/6 | 3/3 | 80 | Stiffness |
4 (3 mm/day in 180 steps) | 0/9 | 0/9 | 6/6 | 3/3 | 90 | 30–60% |
Intact | The end of distraction period | 30 days of fixation in apparatus | 30 days after fixator removal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lengthened | Contralateral | Lengthened | Contralateral | Lengthened | Contralateral | |
30.4 | Group 1—1 mm/day in 4 steps | |||||
4.2 | 12.0 | 9.2 | 18 | 5.5 | 19.8 | |
Group 2—1 mm/day in 60 steps | ||||||
9.5 | 12.4 | 16.1 | 18.1 | 6.7 | 15.8 | |
Group 3—3 mm/day in 120 steps | ||||||
5.3 | 12.0 | 3.6 | 13.3 | 4.0 | 11.1 | |
Group 4—3 mm/day in 180 steps | ||||||
8.1 | 13.5 | 5.8 | 10.3 | 6.0 | 13.0 |
Parameters-time point/group | Mean relative numerical density (NA-e* − NA-i**)/NA-i × 100% | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Of myelinated nerve fibres | Of unmyelinated nerve fibres | |||||
D | F | WA | D | F | WA | |
1 (1 mm/day in 4 steps) | 3.3 | − 9.4 | 8.1 | − 20.6 | 9.0 | 0 |
2 (1 mm/day in 60 steps) | 7.2 | 4.6 | − 6.4 | 2 | 7.9 | 3.13 |
3 (3 mm/day in 120 steps) | 8.8 | − 22.7 | 0 | − 25.7 | − 25.9 | 10.8 |
4 (3 mm/day in 180 steps) | − 24.8 | − 31.0 | 4.9 | − 1.5 | − 4.3 | 1.5 |
Parameters-time point/group | Myelinated nerve fibres diameters | Axonal diameters | Myelin sheath thickness | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D | F | WA | D | F | WA | D | F | WA | |
0 (intact) | 6.46 ± 0.07 | 4.39 ± 0.08 | 1.04 ± 0.04 | ||||||
1 (1 mm/day in 4 steps) | 5.37 ± 0.41a | 6.09 ± 0.63a | 5.90 ± 0.43a | 3.69 ± 0.29a | 4.44 ± 0.57 | 4.10 ± 0.10 | 0.84 ± 0.09a | 0.98 ± 0.06 | 0.90 ± 0.17a |
2 (1 mm/day in 60 steps) | 5.56 ± 0.26a | 5.62 ± 0.07a | 6.17 ± 0.45 | 3.70 ± 0.53a | 3.91 ± 0.09a | 4.14 ± 0.16 | 0.92 ± 0.13a | 0.85 ± 0.07a | 1.01 ± 0.06 |
3 (3 mm/day in 120 steps) | 5.95 ± 0.20a | 4.45 ± 1.02a | 4.64 ± 0.58a | 3.56 ± 0.10a | 2.82 ± 0.59a | 2.98 ± 0.29a | 1.20 ± 0.05a | 0.81 ± 0.22a | 0.84 ± 0.15a |
4 (3 mm/day in 180 steps) | 5.84 ± 0.29a | 2.82 ± 0.04a | 5.32 ± 0.82a | 3.38 ± 0.08a | 2.12 ± 0.04ab | 3.32 ± 0.36ab | 1.23 ± 0.10a | 0.35 ± 0.00ab | 1.00 ± 0.24b |
0 (intact) | 6.46 ± 0.07 | 4.39 ± 0.08 | 1.04 ± 0.04 |