Introduction
Study context and intervention description
Theoretical background
Methods
Study design
Primary analysis
Data acquisition and population of interest
Outcome measure
Statistical analysis
-
Y − number of on − time vaccinations
-
N − elgible children
-
p − proportion on time
-
β − parameters for fixed effects
-
u − normal independent and identically distributed random effects
-
t – time (month for β1 − 4 and time period for β5 − 7)
-
f – facility
-
R- region
-
D- district
Ethics
Results
Facility characteristics
Characteristics | Arusha | Kilimanjaro | Tanga | All Regions |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of districts | 6 | 6 | 8 | 20 |
Number of facilities | 306 | 357 | 355 | 1006 |
Number of childrenb | 88,492 | 53,068 | 110,255 | 251,815 |
Date range of EIR records (including retrospectively entered data) | January 2015-September 2018 | January 2015-September 2018 | January 2015-September 2018 | NA |
Date range of EIR introduction | June 2016-March 2017 | December 2017-February 2018 | July 2017-August 2017 | NA |
Primary power source, n(col%)c | ||||
Grid | 102 (37%) | 226 (79%) | – | 328 (37%) |
Solar | 87 (31%) | 22 (8%) | – | 109 (12%) |
None | 11 (4%) | – | – | 11 (1%) |
Ownership type, n (col %)d | ||||
Private – Faith-based organization | 90 (32%) | 70 (25%) | 37 (11%) | 197 (22%) |
Public - Government | 181 (65%) | 201 (71%) | 279 (86%) | 661 (75%) |
Facility type, n (col %)e | ||||
Dispensary/health post | 218 (78%) | 226 (79%) | 280 (87%) | 724 (82%) |
Health center | 47 (17%) | 45 (16%) | 36 (11%) | 128 (14%) |
Hospital | 13 (5%) | 14 (5%) | 8 (2%) | 34 (4%) |
Individual-level vaccination summaries
Vaccine | Characteristics | Arusha | Kilimanjaro | Tanga | All Regions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DTP1 | Number of eligible childrena | 87,084 | 51,729 | 108,127 | 246,940 |
Vaccinated (%) | 77,988 (89.6) | 45,854 (88.6) | 92,720 (85.8) | 216,562 (87.7) | |
On-time vaccination (%) | 49,349 (56.7) | 35,384 (68.4) | 58,210 (53.8) | 142,943 (57.9) | |
Mean number of days off-schedule, (SD) | 13 (34) | 9 (32) | 16 (47) | 13 (40) | |
Early vaccination, pre-EIR (%) | 719 (5.5) | 1149 (4.1) | 1756 (4.4) | 3624 (4.4) | |
Early vaccination, post-EIR (%) | 2200 (3.0) | 686 (2.9) | 2900 (4.3) | 5786 (3.5) | |
On-time vaccination, pre-EIR (%) | 7881 (60.5) | 22,439 (79.1) | 25,643 (63.9) | 55,963 (68.7) | |
On-time vaccination, post-EIR (%) | 41,468 (56.0) | 12,945 (55.4) | 32,567(47.9) | 86,980 (52.6) | |
Mean vaccinations administered per facility per month- pre-EIR (SD) | 17 (29) | 7 (8) | 12 (15) | 11 (15) | |
Mean vaccinations administered per facility per month- post-EIR (SD) | 16 (26) | 11 (18) | 18 (22) | 16 (24) | |
DTP2 | Number of eligible childrena | 86,836 | 50,687 | 106,348 | 243,871 |
Vaccinated (%) | 63,132 (72.7) | 39,394 (77.7) | 74,203 (69.8) | 176,729 (72.5) | |
On-time vaccination (%) | 51,565 (59.4) | 33,764 (66.6) | 55,549 (52.2) | 140,878 (57.8) | |
Mean number of days off-schedule, (SD) | 7 (25) | 5 (19) | 9 (29) | 8 (25) | |
Early vaccination, pre-EIR (%) | 445 (4.4) | 801 (3.1) | 1241 (3.6) | 2487 (3.5) | |
Early vaccination, post-EIR (%) | 2101 (2.7) | 655 (2.6) | 2496 (3.5) | 5253 (3.0) | |
On-time vaccination, pre-EIR (%) | 7834 (77.5) | 22,423 (87.1) | 25,236 (72.7) | 55,493 (78.6) | |
On-time vaccination, post-EIR (%) | 43,731 (57.0) | 11,341 (45.5) | 30,313 (42.3) | 85,385 (51.4) | |
Mean vaccinations administered per facility per month- pre-EIR (SD) | 17 (30) | 7 (8) | 12 (15) | 10 (15) | |
Mean vaccinations administered per facility per month- post-EIR (SD) | 17 (27) | 11 (18) | 19 (23) | 16 (24) | |
DTP3 | Number of eligible childrena | 84,923 | 48,860 | 102,908 | 236,691 |
Vaccinated (%) | 50,273 (59.2) | 34,160 (70.0) | 60,174 (58.5) | 144,607 (61.1) | |
On-time vaccination (%) | 40,713 (47.9) | 29,200 (59.8) | 44,185 (42.9) | 114,098 (48.2) | |
Mean number of days off-schedule, (SD) | 9 (32) | 6 (25) | 13 (38) | 10 (33) | |
Early vaccination, pre-EIR (%) | 288 (4.0) | 775 (3.4) | 966 (3.4) | 2029 (3.4) | |
Early vaccination, post-EIR (%) | 1742 (2.2) | 566 (2.2) | 2071 (2.8) | 4379 (2.5) | |
On-time vaccination, pre-EIR (%) | 5148 (71.0) | 19,758 (86.0) | 20,375 (71.0) | 45,281 (76.8) | |
On-time vaccination, post-EIR (%) | 35,565 (45.8) | 9442 (36.5) | 23,810 (32.1) | 68,817 (38.7) | |
Mean vaccinations administered per facility per month- pre-EIR (SD) | 16 (29) | 7 (8) | 11 (14) | 9 (13) | |
Mean vaccinations administered per facility per month- post-EIR (SD) | 17 (27) | 11 (18) | 19 (23) | 17 (24) | |
MCV1 | Number of eligible childrena | 65,848 | 30,978 | 73,453 | 170,279 |
Vaccinated (%) | 23,876 (36.3) | 20,343 (65.7) | 37,850 (51.5) | 82,069 (48.2) | |
On-time vaccination (%) | 6832 (10.4) | 6953 (22.4) | 13,194 (18.0) | 26,979 (15.8) | |
Mean number of days off-schedule, (SD) | 27 (49) | 21 (41) | 26 (47) | 25 (47) | |
Early vaccination, pre-EIR (%) | 1 (100) | 1191 (12.8) | 507 (8.5) | 1699 (11.1) | |
Early vaccination, post-EIR (%) | 2721 (4.1) | 1166 (5.4) | 2810 (4.2) | 6697 (4.3) | |
On-time vaccination, pre- EIR (%) | 0 (0) | 3746 (40.2) | 3084 (51.8) | 6833 (44.7) | |
On-time vaccination, post- EIR (%) | 6832 (10.4) | 3206 (14.8) | 10,108 (15.0) | 20,146 (13.0) | |
Mean vaccinations administered per facility per month- pre-EIR (SD) | 1 (NA) | 5 (6) | 7 (10) | 6 (7) | |
Mean vaccinations administered per facility per month- post-EIR (SD) | 17 (28) | 9 (12) | 17 (21) | 15 (23) |
Model findings
Dependent variable: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
On-Time Vaccination | ||||
DTP1 | DTP2 | DTP3 | MCV1 | |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
Baseline monthly change in slope | 0.94* (0.94, 0.95) | 0.94* (0.93, 0.94) | 0.93* (0.92, 0.94) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) |
Level change 0-3 Months after EIR | 0.95* (0.90, 0.99) | 0.68* (0.62, 0.75) | 0.61* (0.54, 0.67) | 0.45* (0.36, 0.53) |
Level change 4-6 Months after EIR | 1.14* (1.07, 1.22) | 0.78* (0.68, 0.88) | 0.74* (0.62, 0.85) | 0.38* (0.23, 0.54) |
Level change > 6 Months after EIR | 1.25* (1.15, 1.35) | 0.80* (0.68, 0.93) | 0.75* (0.61, 0.89) | 0.43* (0.25, 0.61) |
Change in slope 0-3 Months after EIR | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 0.92* (0.89, 0.96) |
Change in slope 4-6 Months after EIR | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.04) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 0.92* (0.88, 0.97) |
Change in slope > 6 Months after EIR | 1.05* (1.05, 1.06) | 1.02* (1.01, 1.03) | 1.02* (1.00, 1.03) | 0.94* (0.92, 0.97) |
Observations | 17,092 | 15,854 | 14,546 | 9562 |
Findings of sensitivity analysis
Dependent variable: | |
---|---|
On-Time Vaccination | |
DTP1 | |
Baseline monthly change in slope | 0.95* (0.95, 0.96) |
Level change 0-3 Months after EIR | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) |
Level change 4-6 Months after EIR | 1.19* (1.11, 1.27) |
Level change > 6 Months after EIR | 1.34* (1.23, 1.45) |
Change in slope 0-3 Months EIR | 1.02* (1.00, 1.04) |
Change in slope 4-6 Months after EIR | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) |
Change in slope > 6 Months after EIR | 1.06* (1.05, 1.07) |
Observations | 15,743 |