Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Maternal and Child Health Journal 9/2015

01.09.2015

Changes in the Relationship Between Socioeconomic Position and Maternal Depressive Symptoms: Results from the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC)

verfasst von: Jinwook Bahk, Sung-Cheol Yun, Yu-mi Kim, Young-Ho Khang

Erschienen in: Maternal and Child Health Journal | Ausgabe 9/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Maternal depression is a common health problem during the perinatal period. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the relationship between socioeconomic position and maternal depressive symptoms from prenatal to 3 years postpartum in Korean women. Prospective cohort data were collected from the Panel Study on Korean Children between 2008 and 2011. Maternal depression was assessed using the Kessler 6-Item Psychological Distress Scale. Socioeconomic position indicators used were maternal education, paternal education, maternal occupation, paternal occupation, and household income. Repeated-measures analyses with a generalized estimating equation approach were used to investigate relationships between socioeconomic position and maternal depressive symptoms during the study period. Low socioeconomic position was associated with greater levels of maternal depressive symptoms between 4 months after childbirth and 3 years postpartum, but the association was not evident between 1 month before and after childbirth. The magnitude of the significant association between socioeconomic position and maternal depression was the greatest at 1 year postpartum but then became smaller. Among the five socioeconomic position indicators included, maternal education, paternal education, and household income showed graded inverse relationships with maternal depressive symptoms, while no significant relationship was found for paternal occupation over the study period. Socioeconomic inequalities in maternal depressive symptoms emerged in early childhood in a prospective study of Korean mothers. These emerging inequalities may contribute to socioeconomic inequalities in childhood health and development.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Bennett, H. A., Einarson, A., Taddio, A., Koren, G., & Einarson, T. R. (2004). Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: Systematic review. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 103, 698–709.PubMedCrossRef Bennett, H. A., Einarson, A., Taddio, A., Koren, G., & Einarson, T. R. (2004). Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: Systematic review. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 103, 698–709.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Gavin, N. I., Gaynes, B. N., Lohr, K. N., Meltzer-Brody, S., Gartlehner, G., & Swinson, T. (2005). Perinatal depression: A systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 106, 1071–1083.PubMedCrossRef Gavin, N. I., Gaynes, B. N., Lohr, K. N., Meltzer-Brody, S., Gartlehner, G., & Swinson, T. (2005). Perinatal depression: A systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 106, 1071–1083.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Cummings, E. M., Schermerhorn, A. C., Keller, P. S., & Davies, P. T. (2008). Parental depressive symptoms, children’s representations of family relationships, and child adjustment. Social Development, 17, 278–305.CrossRef Cummings, E. M., Schermerhorn, A. C., Keller, P. S., & Davies, P. T. (2008). Parental depressive symptoms, children’s representations of family relationships, and child adjustment. Social Development, 17, 278–305.CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Elgar, F. J., Mills, R. S. L., McGrath, P. J., Waschbusch, D. A., & Brownridge, D. A. (2007). Maternal and paternal depressive symptoms and child maladjustment: The mediating role of parental behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 943–955.PubMedCrossRef Elgar, F. J., Mills, R. S. L., McGrath, P. J., Waschbusch, D. A., & Brownridge, D. A. (2007). Maternal and paternal depressive symptoms and child maladjustment: The mediating role of parental behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 943–955.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review, 106, 458–490.PubMedCrossRef Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review, 106, 458–490.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Lim, J. H., Wood, B. L., & Miller, B. D. (2008). Maternal depression and parenting in relation to child internalizing symptoms and asthma disease activity. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 264–273.PubMedCrossRef Lim, J. H., Wood, B. L., & Miller, B. D. (2008). Maternal depression and parenting in relation to child internalizing symptoms and asthma disease activity. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 264–273.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Grote, N. K., Bridge, J. A., Gavin, A. R., Melville, J. L., Iyengar, S., & Katon, W. J. (2010). A meta-analysis of depression during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1012–1024.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Grote, N. K., Bridge, J. A., Gavin, A. R., Melville, J. L., Iyengar, S., & Katon, W. J. (2010). A meta-analysis of depression during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1012–1024.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Cents, R. A., Diamantopoulou, S., Hudziak, J. J., et al. (2013). Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms predict child problem behaviour: The generation R study. Psychological Medicine, 43, 13–25.PubMedCrossRef Cents, R. A., Diamantopoulou, S., Hudziak, J. J., et al. (2013). Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms predict child problem behaviour: The generation R study. Psychological Medicine, 43, 13–25.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat McMahon, C. A., Barnett, B., Kowalenko, N. M., & Tennant, C. C. (2006). Maternal attachment state of mind moderates the impact of postnatal depression on infant attachment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 660–669.PubMedCrossRef McMahon, C. A., Barnett, B., Kowalenko, N. M., & Tennant, C. C. (2006). Maternal attachment state of mind moderates the impact of postnatal depression on infant attachment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 660–669.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Augustine, J. M., & Crosnoe, R. (2010). Mothers’ depression and educational attainment and their children’s academic trajectories. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, 274–290.PubMedCrossRef Augustine, J. M., & Crosnoe, R. (2010). Mothers’ depression and educational attainment and their children’s academic trajectories. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, 274–290.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Hammen, C., Brennan, P. A., & Keenan-Miller, D. (2008). Patterns of adolescent depression to age 20: The role of maternal depression and youth interpersonal dysfunction. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1189–1198.PubMedCrossRef Hammen, C., Brennan, P. A., & Keenan-Miller, D. (2008). Patterns of adolescent depression to age 20: The role of maternal depression and youth interpersonal dysfunction. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1189–1198.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Weissman, M. M., Pilowsky, D. J., Wickramaratne, P. J., et al. (2006). Remissions in maternal depression and child psychopathology: A STAR* D-child report. JAMA, 295, 1389–1398.PubMedCrossRef Weissman, M. M., Pilowsky, D. J., Wickramaratne, P. J., et al. (2006). Remissions in maternal depression and child psychopathology: A STAR* D-child report. JAMA, 295, 1389–1398.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Murray, L., Arteche, A., Fearon, P., Halligan, S., Goodyer, I., & Cooper, P. (2011). Maternal postnatal depression and the development of depression in offspring up to 16 years of age. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 460–470.PubMedCrossRef Murray, L., Arteche, A., Fearon, P., Halligan, S., Goodyer, I., & Cooper, P. (2011). Maternal postnatal depression and the development of depression in offspring up to 16 years of age. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 460–470.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Stein, A., Pearson, R. M., Goodman, S. H., et al. (2014). Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child. The Lancet, 384, 1800–1819.CrossRef Stein, A., Pearson, R. M., Goodman, S. H., et al. (2014). Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child. The Lancet, 384, 1800–1819.CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Bradshaw, P. (2011). Growing up in Scotland: Changes in child cognitive ability in the pre-school years. Edinburg: Scottish Government. Bradshaw, P. (2011). Growing up in Scotland: Changes in child cognitive ability in the pre-school years. Edinburg: Scottish Government.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Feinstein, L. (2003). Inequality in the early cognitive development of children in the 1970 cohort. Economica, 70, 73–97.CrossRef Feinstein, L. (2003). Inequality in the early cognitive development of children in the 1970 cohort. Economica, 70, 73–97.CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Heckman, J. J. (2006). Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children. Science, 312, 1900–1902.PubMedCrossRef Heckman, J. J. (2006). Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children. Science, 312, 1900–1902.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Shonkoff, J. P., Boyce, W. T., & McEwen, B. S. (2009). Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. JAMA, 301, 2252–2259.PubMedCrossRef Shonkoff, J. P., Boyce, W. T., & McEwen, B. S. (2009). Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. JAMA, 301, 2252–2259.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Turney, K. (2011). Maternal depression and childhood health inequalities. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52, 314–332.PubMedCrossRef Turney, K. (2011). Maternal depression and childhood health inequalities. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52, 314–332.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Turney, K. (2012). Pathways of disadvantage: Explaining the relationship between maternal depression and children’s problem behaviors. Social Science Research, 41, 1546–1564.PubMedCrossRef Turney, K. (2012). Pathways of disadvantage: Explaining the relationship between maternal depression and children’s problem behaviors. Social Science Research, 41, 1546–1564.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Beeghly, M., Olson, K. L., Weinberg, M. K., Pierre, S. C., Downey, N., & Tronick, E. Z. (2003). Prevalence, stability, and socio-demographic correlates of depressive symptoms in black mothers during the first 18 months postpartum. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 7, 157–168.PubMedCrossRef Beeghly, M., Olson, K. L., Weinberg, M. K., Pierre, S. C., Downey, N., & Tronick, E. Z. (2003). Prevalence, stability, and socio-demographic correlates of depressive symptoms in black mothers during the first 18 months postpartum. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 7, 157–168.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Dearing, E., Taylor, B. A., & McCartney, K. (2004). Implications of family income dynamics for women’s depressive symptoms during the first 3 years after childbirth. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 1372–1377.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Dearing, E., Taylor, B. A., & McCartney, K. (2004). Implications of family income dynamics for women’s depressive symptoms during the first 3 years after childbirth. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 1372–1377.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Matijasevich, A., Golding, J., Smith, G. D., Santos, I. S., Barros, A. J., & Victora, C. G. (2009). Differentials and income-related inequalities in maternal depression during the first two years after childbirth: Birth cohort studies from Brazil and the UK. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 5, 12.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Matijasevich, A., Golding, J., Smith, G. D., Santos, I. S., Barros, A. J., & Victora, C. G. (2009). Differentials and income-related inequalities in maternal depression during the first two years after childbirth: Birth cohort studies from Brazil and the UK. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 5, 12.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Mayberry, L. J., Horowitz, J. A., & Declercq, E. (2007). Depression symptom prevalence and demographic risk factors among U.S. women during the first 2 years postpartum. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 36, 542–549.PubMedCrossRef Mayberry, L. J., Horowitz, J. A., & Declercq, E. (2007). Depression symptom prevalence and demographic risk factors among U.S. women during the first 2 years postpartum. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 36, 542–549.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Yagmur, Y., & Ulukoca, N. (2010). Social support and postpartum depression in low-socioeconomic level postpartum women in Eastern Turkey. International Journal of Public Health, 55, 543–549.PubMedCrossRef Yagmur, Y., & Ulukoca, N. (2010). Social support and postpartum depression in low-socioeconomic level postpartum women in Eastern Turkey. International Journal of Public Health, 55, 543–549.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Adewuya, A. O., Fatoye, F. O., Ola, B. A., Ijaodola, O. R., & Ibigbami, S. M. (2005). Sociodemographic and obstetric risk factors for postpartum depressive symptoms in Nigerian women. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 11, 353–358.PubMedCrossRef Adewuya, A. O., Fatoye, F. O., Ola, B. A., Ijaodola, O. R., & Ibigbami, S. M. (2005). Sociodemographic and obstetric risk factors for postpartum depressive symptoms in Nigerian women. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 11, 353–358.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Miyake, Y., Tanaka, K., & Arakawa, M. (2012). Employment, income, and education and prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: The Kyushu Okinawa maternal and child health study. BMC Psychiatry, 12, 117.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Miyake, Y., Tanaka, K., & Arakawa, M. (2012). Employment, income, and education and prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: The Kyushu Okinawa maternal and child health study. BMC Psychiatry, 12, 117.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Goyal, D., Gay, C., & Lee, K. A. (2010). How much does low socioeconomic status increase the risk of prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms in first-time mothers? Women’s Health Issues, 20, 96–104.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Goyal, D., Gay, C., & Lee, K. A. (2010). How much does low socioeconomic status increase the risk of prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms in first-time mothers? Women’s Health Issues, 20, 96–104.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Seguin, L., Potvin, L., St-Denis, M., & Loiselle, J. (1999). Socio-environmental factors and postnatal depressive symptomatology: A longitudinal study. Women and Health, 29, 57–72.PubMedCrossRef Seguin, L., Potvin, L., St-Denis, M., & Loiselle, J. (1999). Socio-environmental factors and postnatal depressive symptomatology: A longitudinal study. Women and Health, 29, 57–72.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Lau, Y., & Keung, D. W. (2007). Correlates of depressive symptomatology during the second trimester of pregnancy among Hong Kong Chinese. Social Science and Medicine, 64, 1802–1811.PubMedCrossRef Lau, Y., & Keung, D. W. (2007). Correlates of depressive symptomatology during the second trimester of pregnancy among Hong Kong Chinese. Social Science and Medicine, 64, 1802–1811.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Segre, L. S., O’Hara, M. W., Arndt, S., & Stuart, S. (2007). The prevalence of postpartum depression: The relative significance of three social status indices. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 316–321.PubMedCrossRef Segre, L. S., O’Hara, M. W., Arndt, S., & Stuart, S. (2007). The prevalence of postpartum depression: The relative significance of three social status indices. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 316–321.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Galobardes, B., Shaw, M., Lawlor, D., Smith, G. D., & Lynch, J. W. (2006). Indicators of socioeconomic position. In J. M. Oakes & J. S. Kaufman (Eds.), Methods in social epidemiology (pp. 47–85). Hoboken: Wiley. Galobardes, B., Shaw, M., Lawlor, D., Smith, G. D., & Lynch, J. W. (2006). Indicators of socioeconomic position. In J. M. Oakes & J. S. Kaufman (Eds.), Methods in social epidemiology (pp. 47–85). Hoboken: Wiley.
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Kessler, R. C., Barker, P. R., Colpe, L. J., et al. (2003). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 184–189.PubMedCrossRef Kessler, R. C., Barker, P. R., Colpe, L. J., et al. (2003). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 184–189.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Shin, N., Lee, J., Kim, M., et al. (2007). Panel study on Korean children: Preliminary report. Seoul: Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. Shin, N., Lee, J., Kim, M., et al. (2007). Panel study on Korean children: Preliminary report. Seoul: Korea Institute of Child Care and Education.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., et al. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32, 959–976.PubMedCrossRef Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., et al. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32, 959–976.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Kessler, R. C., Mcgonagle, K. A., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Swartz, M., & Blazer, D. G. (1994). Sex and depression in the national comorbidity survey. 2. Cohort effects. Journal of Affective Disorders, 30, 15–26.PubMedCrossRef Kessler, R. C., Mcgonagle, K. A., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Swartz, M., & Blazer, D. G. (1994). Sex and depression in the national comorbidity survey. 2. Cohort effects. Journal of Affective Disorders, 30, 15–26.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Ertel, K. A., Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Koenen, K. C. (2011). Maternal depression in the United States: Nationally representative rates and risks. Journal of Women’s Health, 20, 1609–1617.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Ertel, K. A., Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Koenen, K. C. (2011). Maternal depression in the United States: Nationally representative rates and risks. Journal of Women’s Health, 20, 1609–1617.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Kessler, R. C., Mcgonagle, K. A., Swartz, M., Blazer, D. G., & Nelson, C. B. (1993). Sex and depression in the national comorbidity survey. 1. Lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 29, 85–96.PubMedCrossRef Kessler, R. C., Mcgonagle, K. A., Swartz, M., Blazer, D. G., & Nelson, C. B. (1993). Sex and depression in the national comorbidity survey. 1. Lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 29, 85–96.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang, L., Wu, T., Anderson, J. L., & Florence, J. E. (2011). Prevalence and risk factors of maternal depression during the first three years of child rearing. Journal of Women’s Health, 20, 711–718.PubMedCrossRef Wang, L., Wu, T., Anderson, J. L., & Florence, J. E. (2011). Prevalence and risk factors of maternal depression during the first three years of child rearing. Journal of Women’s Health, 20, 711–718.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Seo, Y. S., Park, H. S., & Lee, S. O. (2003). Assessment of the home postpartum care among puerperal women in a metropolitan city. Journal of the Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health, 7, 57–69. Seo, Y. S., Park, H. S., & Lee, S. O. (2003). Assessment of the home postpartum care among puerperal women in a metropolitan city. Journal of the Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health, 7, 57–69.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim, T. K., & Yoo, E. K. (1998). A correlational study on the level of importance & performance of postpartal care and its relationship with women’s health status. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing, 4, 145–161. Kim, T. K., & Yoo, E. K. (1998). A correlational study on the level of importance & performance of postpartal care and its relationship with women’s health status. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing, 4, 145–161.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Lim, H. J., & Lee, D. K. (2012). The effect of couples` characteristics, economic characteristics, mother`s psychological characteristics on infant mother`s marital satisfaction for working mothers and homemaker mothers. Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education, 32, 451–470.CrossRef Lim, H. J., & Lee, D. K. (2012). The effect of couples` characteristics, economic characteristics, mother`s psychological characteristics on infant mother`s marital satisfaction for working mothers and homemaker mothers. Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education, 32, 451–470.CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Lim, H. J. (2013). The differences of infant’s temperament, mothers’ psychological characteristic, mothers’ parenting style as a function of types of employment status of mothers. Korean Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 7, 190–214. Lim, H. J. (2013). The differences of infant’s temperament, mothers’ psychological characteristic, mothers’ parenting style as a function of types of employment status of mothers. Korean Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 7, 190–214.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Park, M. H. (1991). Patterns and trends of educational mating in Korea. Korea Journal of Population and Development, 20, 1–15.PubMed Park, M. H. (1991). Patterns and trends of educational mating in Korea. Korea Journal of Population and Development, 20, 1–15.PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Kye, B., & Mare, R. D. (2012). Intergenerational effects of shifts in women’s educational distribution in South Korea: Transmission, differential fertility, and assortative mating. Social Science Research, 41, 1495–1514.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kye, B., & Mare, R. D. (2012). Intergenerational effects of shifts in women’s educational distribution in South Korea: Transmission, differential fertility, and assortative mating. Social Science Research, 41, 1495–1514.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Ballinger, G. A. (2004). Using generalized estimating equations for longitudinal data analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 127–150.CrossRef Ballinger, G. A. (2004). Using generalized estimating equations for longitudinal data analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 127–150.CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Howard, L. M., Piot, P., & Stein, A. (2014). No health without perinatal mental health. The Lancet, 384, 1723–1724.CrossRef Howard, L. M., Piot, P., & Stein, A. (2014). No health without perinatal mental health. The Lancet, 384, 1723–1724.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Changes in the Relationship Between Socioeconomic Position and Maternal Depressive Symptoms: Results from the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC)
verfasst von
Jinwook Bahk
Sung-Cheol Yun
Yu-mi Kim
Young-Ho Khang
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2015
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Maternal and Child Health Journal / Ausgabe 9/2015
Print ISSN: 1092-7875
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-6628
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-015-1718-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 9/2015

Maternal and Child Health Journal 9/2015 Zur Ausgabe