Plain Language Summary
Angina is a condition affecting more than a 100 million patients worldwide. The drug trimetazidine has previously been shown to be efficacious for treating angina. Trimetazidine is currently available as 20- and 35-mg pills, which have to be taken two or three times daily, respectively. In the present study, a new formulation of 80 mg trimetazidine, for which one dose daily is sufficient, was compared to the existing 35 mg trimetazidine in terms of safety and was found to be similarly safe. Increased number of medications to be taken has previously been shown to decrease the probability of patients taking their treatment as prescribed. The fact that this new trimetazidine formulation reduces the number of pills taken daily could thus be a step towards helping patients to follow their treatment.
Introduction
The prevalence of angina pectoris (AP) is considerable, as it affects nearly 112 million people worldwide [1]. Despite available treatments, studies have reported that there is marked variability in achieving angina control [2, 3]. Although the extent of its impact is often underestimated by physicians [2, 4], angina can adversely affect patients’ quality of life and result in increased healthcare costs [5].
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Beta-blockers, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, and nitrates, which are widely used as antianginal medications, affect cardiovascular hemodynamics, reducing oxygen demand and/or increasing oxygen supply. For patients remaining symptomatic despite monotherapy, European guidelines [6] recommend a combination of different antianginal agents. The addition of trimetazidine (TMZ) can provide an opportunity to optimize antianginal treatment, as it does not have any hemodynamic effect but acts directly at the myocardial cell level instead. By inhibiting an enzyme involved in fatty acid oxidation, TMZ leads to increased creatine phosphate/ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ratio and preservation of myocardial high-energy phosphate levels and ion pump function, ultimately resulting in improved cardiac efficiency [7]. The efficacy of TMZ in treating stable angina, both as monotherapy and in combination, has been reported and summarized in a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials [8].
Non-adherence to treatment is frequently observed in outpatient care and can be observed even in symptomatic conditions like angina [9]. Decreasing the number of treatment doses taken per day could help to improve adherence [9‐11] and thus potentially translate into clinical benefit. With this aim of simplification of the medication regimen, a once-daily (od) oral formulation of TMZ 80 mg was developed, with an equivalent systemic exposure to TMZ 35 mg twice daily (bid) demonstrated.
In the present 12-week study, the safety of TMZ modified-release (MR) 80 mg formulation was compared with the already-marketed TMZ MR 35-mg formulation, in patients with chronic stable angina.
Methods
The present study was an international, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group phase III study with a treatment period of 12 weeks. The study was conducted in Russia and in Serbia, from January 2013 to August 2013. In total, 15 centers were selected and included at least one patient: 12 in Russia and three in Serbia.
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Patients were both male and female, aged ≥ 21 years old, with chronic stable angina pectoris, where the symptoms were classified as being class 1, 2, or 3 according to the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) classification. Patient treatment had to include at least one regular antianginal medication such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, long-acting nitrates, nicorandil, ivabradine, or molsidomine. Short-acting nitrates were administered on demand. At the time of selection, the patient had to be already treated by his/her physician for angina pectoris with TMZ MR 35 mg bid for at least 1 month, with satisfactory clinical effect and good tolerance. Coronary heart disease should have been documented by either previous MI (myocardial infarction) or previous coronary revascularization ≥ 3 months, or angiographic evidence of ≥ 50% narrowing of ≥ 1 major epicardial coronary artery, or in male patients only documented evidence of myocardial ischemia. The main exclusion criteria were current or previous Parkinsonian symptoms and abnormal renal function with estimated creatinine clearance (eCrCl) < 60 ml/min.
With respect to blinding, a double-dummy design was used, with placebo tablets matching TMZ MR 35-mg tablets and placebo capsules matching TMZ MR 80-mg capsules. The study consisted of a run-in period of 2 weeks, during which patients received TMZ MR 35 mg bid and one capsule of placebo twice daily, followed by a double-blind treatment period of 12 weeks, during which patients were randomized to receive either (A) one tablet of TMZ MR 35 mg and one capsule of placebo twice daily or (B) one capsule of TMZ MR 80 mg and one tablet of placebo in the morning and one capsule of placebo and one tablet of placebo in the evening. Randomization was not centralized. The treatments were allocated at the inclusion visit (week 0) by a balanced (non-adaptive) randomization (ratio 1:1) with stratification by center.
The main objective of the study was to assess safety of TMZ MR 80 mg od compared to TMZ MR 35 mg bid.
All of the 165 patients included in the study attended week 0 (W0), week 4 (W4), week 8 (W8), and week 12 (W12) visits for safety assessment. Safety evaluation was based on the following: (1) adverse events, (2) laboratory parameters (biochemical and hematological, only at inclusion/W0 and W12), (3) vital signs including weight (only at inclusion/W0 and W12), supine and standing blood pressure and pulse rate, (4) 12-lead electrocardiogram, and (5) CCS classification of symptoms of angina pectoris.
Compliance with Ethics Guidelines
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Statistical Analysis
Descriptive statistics were provided by treatment group (and all groups pooled for study outcome criteria and adverse events) depending on the nature of the criteria. For quantitative criteria, the number of observed values, mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum, median, first and third quartiles were used. For qualitative criteria, the number of observed values, number, and percentage of patients per class were used.
Results
A total of 180 patients were screened and 177 were selected for the study. Among them, 165 patients (130 in Russia and 35 in Serbia) were included and randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups: either the TMZ MR 80 mg od group (n = 82 patients) or the TMZ MR 35 mg bid group (n = 83 patients). Reasons for exclusion of selected patients were: non-compliance with inclusion/non-inclusion criteria in nine patients and adverse events in three patients. No patient was withdrawn from the study, nor lost to follow-up.
The main characteristics at baseline are summarized in Table 1. The two groups were well balanced regarding demographic characteristics at baseline (64 years old, 69% male, 100% Caucasian) and duration of stable angina pectoris (mean duration, 6.3 ± 5.4 years). In addition to angina pectoris, the most frequent medical histories related to CAD (coronary artery disease) were myocardial infarction (73%) and unstable angina (15%). Forty-two percent of the patients had previous coronary angioplasty and 26% previous coronary artery bypass. Before the treatment period, all of them were receiving specific treatment for angina, mainly beta-blocking agents (88%), calcium channel blockers (34%), and/or long-acting nitrates (32%), which was maintained during the study. Overall, 47.9% of the patients received additional concomitant treatment before the treatment period with no relevant difference between groups. They were mainly diuretics (20% of the patients) and drugs used in diabetes (18% of the patients). No major difference between the two groups was observed regarding blood pressure and heart rate, ECG (electrocardiogram), and laboratory parameters. There was a slightly higher proportion of patients with class I and class III CCS in the TMZ MR 80-mg group than in the TMZ MR 35-mg group. No major changes were reported regarding concomitant treatments during the study.
Table 1
Main baseline characteristics and therapies in the randomized patients
Trimetazidine MR 80 mg od (N = 82) | Trimetazidine MR 35 mg bid (N = 83) | All (N = 165) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 63.3 ± 6.9 | 64.3 ± 8.3 | 63.8 ± 7.6 |
Proportion of men | 56 (68.3) | 57 (68.7) | 113 (68.5) |
Blood pressure | |||
SBP (mmHg) | 129.7 ± 14.4 | 132.0 ± 13.7 | 130.9 ± 14.1 |
DBP (mmHg) | 78.0 ± 7.5 | 78.7 ± 7.7 | 78.3 ± 7.6 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 64.7 ± 9.8 | 63.3 ± 9.4 | 64.0 ± 9.6 |
Stable angina pectoris duration (years) | 5.8 ± 5.4 | 6.9 ± 5.3 | 6.3 ± 5.4 |
CCS classification | |||
Class I | 22 (26.8) | 14 (16.9) | 36 (21.8) |
Class II | 49 (59.8) | 63 (75.9) | 112 (67.9) |
Class III | 11 (13.4) | 6 (7.2) | 17 (10.3) |
Medical history of CAD | 82 (100) | 83 (100) | 165 (100) |
Myocardial infarction | 61 (74.4) | 60 (72.3) | 121 (73.3) |
Unstable angina | 13 (15.9) | 12 (14.5) | 25 (15.2) |
Surgical/medical procedures history | 50 (61.0) | 53 (63.9) | 103 (62.4) |
Coronary angioplasty | 35 (42.7) | 35 (42.2) | 70 (42.4) |
Coronary artery bypass | 19 (23.2) | 24 (28.9) | 43 (26.1) |
Baseline cardiovascular therapies | |||
Antithrombotic agents | 78 (95.1) | 79 (95.2) | 157 (95.2) |
Statins | 75 (91.5) | 75 (90.4) | 150 (90.9) |
ACEi and ARB | 68 (82.9) | 76 (91.6) | 144 (87.3) |
CCB | 27 (32.9) | 29 (34.9) | 56 (33.9) |
BB | 74 (92.2) | 71 (85.5) | 145 (87.9) |
LAN | 27 (32.9) | 26 (31.3) | 53 (32.1) |
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In the Safety Set (which consisted of all the randomized and treated patients, i.e., 165 patients), the proportion of patients who experienced at least one emergent adverse event (EAE) during the double-blind treatment period (Table 2) was slightly lower in the TMZ MR 80-mg group (14 patients, 17.1%) than in the TMZ MR 35-mg group (19 patients, 22.9%). In the TMZ MR 80-mg group, the most frequently reported EAE (at least two patients) was influenza (two patients), whereas in the TMZ MR 35-mg group it was hyperglycemia (four patients), hyperbilirubinemia (two patients), and atrial fibrillation (two patients). No EAE led to dose modification, withdrawal, or temporary interruption of the study treatments.
Table 2
Emergent adverse events by system organ classes reported during the treatment period with preferred term when more than a single patient is considered
System organ class Preferred term | Trimetazidine MR 80 mg od (N = 82) | Trimetazidine MR 35 mg bid (N = 83) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NEAE |
n
| % | NEAE |
n
| % | |
Infections and infestations | 6 | 5 | 6.1 | 1 | 1 | 1.2 |
Influenza | 2 | 2 | 2.4 | – | – | – |
Investigations | 4 | 4 | 4.9 | 5 | 5 | 6.0 |
Hyperbilirubinemia | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | 2 | 2 | 2.4 |
Hyperglycemia | – | – | – | 4 | 4 | 4.8 |
Cardiac disorders | 5 | 3 | 3.7 | 5 | 5 | 6.0 |
Atrial fibrillation | – | – | – | 2 | 2 | 2.4 |
Renal and urinary disorders | 2 | 2 | 2.4 | – | – | – |
Metabolism and nutrition disorders | 2 | 1 | 1.2 | 7 | 6 | 7.2 |
Hepatobiliary disorders | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | 2 | 2 | 2.4 |
Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | 2 | 1 | 1.2 |
Blood and lymphatic system disorders | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | – | – | – |
Gastrointestinal disorders | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | – | – | – |
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | – | – | – |
Injury, poisoning, and procedural complications | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1.2 |
Nervous system disorders | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1.2 |
Vascular disorders | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1.2 |
ALL | 24 | 14 | 17.1 | 25 | 19 | 22.9 |
In terms of intensity, most of the EAEs were rated as mild (14 vs. 18 events, in the TMZ MR 80-mg and MR 35-mg group, respectively) or moderate (seven events in each group). Three patients in each group experienced serious adverse events (Table 3). None was considered to be related to treatment and all recovered.
Table 3
Emergent serious adverse events reported during the treatment period
Preferred term | Trimetazidine MR 80 mg od (N = 82) | Trimetazidine MR 35 mg bid (N = 83) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NEAE |
n
| % | NEAE |
n
| % | |
Cardiac failure acutea | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | – | – | – |
Myocardial infarctiona | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | – | – | – |
Ventricular fibrillationa | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | – | – | – |
Atrial fibrillation | – | – | – | 2 | 2 | 2.4 |
Blood pressure increased | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | – | – | – |
Renal colic | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | – | – | – |
Pulmonary edemaa | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | – | – | – |
Ischemic stroke | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1.2 |
ALL | 6 | 3 | 3.7 | 3 | 3 | 3.6 |
In addition, only one event (polyuria, which recovered fully) in the TMZ MR 80-mg group was considered to be related to the study treatment by the investigator.
Most emergent adverse events recovered in both treatment groups: 75.0% of events in the TMZ MR 80-mg group and 56.0% in the TMZ MR 35-mg group. Events not recovered at the end of the study were mostly related to chronic diseases (i.e., diabetes, dyslipidemia) or were reported at the last visit (W12). None of them was serious or of severe intensity.
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There was no study treatment interruption due to lack of efficacy. Regarding CCS classification of symptoms of angina, no worsening was reported with either treatment.
No clinically significant changes were observed during the study regarding vital signs (weight, blood pressure, and pulse rate), ECG, and laboratory parameters. Based on local laboratory tests, very few biological values reached a potentially clinically significant level (PCSA), each of them affecting only one patient, with the exception of high triglycerides in the TMZ MR 35-mg group, which affected three patients:
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4 PCSA values in the TMZ MR 80-mg group: high GGT, low clearance creatinine, high triglycerides, and low platelets,
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6 PCSA values in the TMZ MR 35-mg group: high glucose, low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, and high white blood cell count.
Discussion
This is the first study to assess the clinical acceptability of TMZ MR 80 mg, a new formulation of trimetazidine allowing a single dose daily. Previous pharmacokinetic studies performed with the 80-mg MR formulation (data on file) showed that:
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This formulation presents plasma profiles of an MR once-daily formulation,
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This formulation leads to AUC24, Cmax, and Cmin equivalent to the ones obtained with the MR 35 mg bid after repeated dosing in fed conditions in healthy volunteers,
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There is no food effect on pharmacokinetic parameters.
In the present study, TMZ MR 80 mg once daily compared to TMZ MR 35 mg bid for a 12-week treatment period were found to have similar safety profiles in patients with documented coronary artery disease and stable chronic angina pectoris. Study treatment was given on top of both routine antianginal therapies and secondary prevention therapy. Patients were treated with TMZ MR 35 mg bid during the run-in period, therefore only a marginal additional benefit was expected on angina symptoms during the double-blind treatment period. According to the summary of product characteristics and minimization measure implemented to reduce the risk of overexposure to TMZ in patients with renal insufficiency, patients with moderate-to-severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance below 60 ml/min during the run-in period) were excluded, since no adaptation of the dose could be done with the capsules containing 80 mg of TMZ.
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TMZ is a well-established therapy for angina control, with a mechanism of action that is distinct from that of other antianginal agents, as it acts directly at the level of myocardial cells. Since it is devoid of any major hemodynamic properties, it can be combined with other classes of antianginal therapy. The MR 80-mg formulation taken od simplifies the treatment regimen and would thereby be expected to improve adherence to treatment in real-life settings.
Non-adherence to treatment is known to be a problem in asymptomatic diseases, with the notable example of hypertension, but can also concern symptomatic diseases, and has been reported in patients with stable angina treated with symptom-releasing nitrates [9]. Amongst patients with angina, adherence could be hampered by the total number of medications prescribed, since many of the patients have multiple comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Adherence has been shown to be related not only to the number of medications but also to the number of doses to be taken per day [12] and it is inversely related to the latter [13]. Hence, simplifying a medication regimen might be expected to be associated with improved adherence and so with potential increased clinical benefits in patients with angina. A study showed that converting patients with chronic, stable angina to long-acting antianginal medications led to substantial improvement in symptom control [10]. Improved adherence with once-daily treatment compared with twice-daily treatment was shown for both beta-blocker and nitrate regimen [9, 11]. Health-related quality of life was also improved according to one study [11].
In light of this evidence, the availability of a once-daily formulation of TMZ, with similar safety to the twice-daily formulation, could offer an opportunity for improving patient adherence to treatment.
Study Limitations
Despite its randomized, double-blind design, the study has limitations related to the small size of the patient population (n = 165 patients) and to the protocol selection criteria.
Conclusions
TMZ MR 80 mg od was shown to have a similar safety profile to TMZ MR 35 mg bid. This once-daily formulation could possibly help increase treatment adherence and thus lead to clinical benefit in real life.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the investigators of the study.
Arkhangelsk: Uskov V.L. Barnaul: Gon-charenko I.I., Prasolova T.P. Belgorod: Guseva V.G., Shinkar A.S. Bryansk: Samsonova S.M. Veliky Novgorod: Vikhrova I.V., Kuz’kina S.A. Vladimir: Mitina L.V., Timofeeva I.V. Vol-gograd: Archakova T.M., Kovaleva N.Y., Romanova E.A., Tivon Y.V. Vologda: Antonova Y.N., Kurganova O.B. Voronezh: Davydova N.N., Klyuchantseva O.V., Popovskaya Y.V., Kharitonova E.I. Evpatoria: Kuzmina T.N. Ekaterinburg: Buzmakova K.V., Kaplenko L.I., Pospelova N.V., Stepanova A.Y. Ivanovo: Kol-basheva N.A. Irkutsk: Krasnova G.M., Pal’vin-skaya A.Y., Toloknova V.A. Kazan: Bikmullina R.F., Gainullina A.A., Kedrina E.V., Mikhailova S.A., Nabiullina T.A., Nizamova A.F. Kaluga: Uskova A.A., Yushkova A.E. Kemerovo: Andreeva O.V., Fedotova G.V. Kirov: Besser-geneva O.L., Gavrilyuk D.D., Ehalo N.V., Zlo-bina M.V. Krasnodar: Zhemartseva E.Y., Markushina I.A., Pavlovets V.P., Sobolenko A.A. Krasnoyarsk: Apanovich I.E., Kireeva N.V., Maksimova I.V. Kursk: Butz T.V., Pavlova I.A. Lipetsk: Bachurina S.N., Orlyachenko S.V. LR Sertolovo: Zaitseva T.V., LR Lomonosov: Beznogova V.F. LR-South: Litsis N.N., Novozhenina A.Y. Moscow: Abramyan L.L., Adamyan M.M., Askerko S.N., Bolmosov A.N., Vasilieva I.N., Volodova S.I., Grishko P.V., Zherebetskaya E.S., Zemlyanaya N.S., Klysh-nikova L.N., Kononchik E.I., Kuznetsova N.A., Kuz’minova I.A., Marmurova I.V., Mikhailova R.Y., Mordovina I.P., Nazarkina O.V., Per-epechko A.P., Pivovarova N.G., Potapova T.P., Prokofiev D.A., Proniushkina N.E., Savelieva E.V., Semovskikh N.A, Timonenkova L.D., Fomin V.V., Furman O.A., Tsutsieva R.M., Chibrikina M.V., Shoshina I.N., Yashchenko.P. Moscow region: Bocharova T.I., Demya-nenko O.L., Zhukova L.B., Melnikov A.Y., Mer-kulieva I.A., Tyasina E.I., Pakholkova N.S., Rogozina S.V., Chugunova I.V. Murmansk: Brazhnik M.L., Guseva Y.V. Naberezhnye Chelny: Anisimova A.N., Kuzeyina S.S., Kulakhmetova R.G., Petrova I.S. Nizhny Nov-gorod: Ignatyeva I.A., Morozova T.A., Ryb-nikova N.V., Gritsenko I.I. Novokuznetsk: Kondratskaya O.V., Shishkin A.V. Novosibirsk: Gogleva N.N., Kulipanova V.M., Mitrofanova S.V., Parada E.V., Svistunova S.Y., Sergeeva T.M. Omsk: Kryukova V.V., Suprun T.N., Fedorova E.M., Shnor O.F. Orel: Mitroshina T.N., Shemetova T.S., Orenburg: Val’kevich L.P., Varnikova S.N. Penza: Ivanova E.A. Perm: Shlykova O.N. Pyatigorsk: Guryanova I.R., Zheltova V.L. Rostov-on-Don: Bulygina E.D., Gorskaya E.V., Kosenko L.V., Musaeva F.K., Fedorchenko M.Y., Harish V.I. Ryazan Region: Serbarinova O.M. Ryazan: Yatsenya Y.A. Sa-mara: Golubev M.N., Kopaev D.E., Miludina L.A., Polischuk L.V., Shilintseva O.A., Krylova, L.M. St. Petersburg: Vasilik M.V., Zotov D.D., Kalishevich N.B., Kachmazova L.I., Kontorikova S.G., Mamoshko T.A., Osnovin S.A., Timosh-enko (Schmalz) I.O., Kashina A.N., Kiryanova O.G. Saratov: Kotova L.E., Kuvshinova L.E., Ulyanova I.M., Shevelo O.F. Simferopol: Kir-eeva I.B., Korohova L.V., Smolensk: Lisunova T.I., Medvedeva E.V. Stavropol: Matvienko T.E., Shovgaryan S.L. Stary Oskol: Nebolsina T.F. Syktyvkar: Mikusheva M.A., Misharin N.N. Tver Region: Kutaliya T.O. Tolyatti: Chernova V.N., Yanina Y.A. Tomsk: Permyakova O.V., Skurikhina N.N. Tula: Goldinova L.M., Pri-khodko T.N. Tyumen: Myshyakova A.G. Ufa: Akhmerova E.Z., Zaitseva K.V., Ozerchuk A.A., Polyakova I.M., Rodionova, Safiullina I.D. Cheboksary: Arsentieva I.N., Volkova O.O. Chelyabinsk: Kondrina I.N., Kharlova T.E. Yalta: Grigorieva T.L. Yaroslavl: Kurtmulaeva K.V., Rogozina O.M.
Funding
Sponsorship for this study was provided by the Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier and Servier, Moscow, Russian Federation. Article processing charges for this study were funded by Servier. All authors had full access to all of the data in this study and take complete responsibility for the integrity of the data and accuracy of the data analysis.
Medical Writing
Writing assistance was provided by Diana Toli, PhD (Servier). Writing assistance was funded by Servier.
Authorship
All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this manuscript, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole and have given final approval for the version to be published.
Authorship Contributions
The author would like to thank all participating investigators for their contribution to the study.
Prior Presentation
The data presented in this manuscript were previously presented in 2016 at the 38th Congress of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) as a poster entitled: Clinical acceptability of trimetazidine 80 mg once daily versus trimetazidine modified-release 35 mg twice daily in chronic stable angina pectoris. Eur Heart J 2016 Vol. 37 (suppl. 1): 388 (P1857). Y. Pozdnyakov. Moscow Regional Cardiology Center, Cardiology, Zhukovsky, Russian Federation.
Disclosures
Yuri M. Pozdnyakov, scientific coordinator of this study, received grants and honoraria for conducting research and honoraria for lectures from Servier, Moscow, Russian Federation.
Compliance with Ethics Guidelines
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Data Availability
The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.