During recent years, Quality of Life (QoL) is a significant assessment factor in clinical trials and epidemiological researches due to the advent of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has become a manageable,chronic disease. With regards, more attention must be paid to the QoL of infected patients. Limited evidence exists on the impact of ART on QoL among HIV infected patients. Due to lacking of a systematic approach to summarizing the available evidence on the clinical determinants of People Who Live with HIV/AIDS (PWLHs’) QoL, this study aimed to analyze the impact of clinical determinants (ART experience, CD4 count < 200, co-morbidities, time diagnosis and accessibility to cares) on QoL among PWLHs’.
Methods
This study was designed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Cochrane electronic databases were searched in February 2017 to identify all past studies that discussed social and behavioral characteristics of QoL in PLWHA. To recognize effective factors on social and behavioral QoL, a meta-analysis was conducted. Polled Odds Ratios (ORs) were utilized at a 95% confidence level. Since sampling methods differed between articles in the systematic review, we evaluated pooled estimates using a random effect model. Metan, metareg, metacum, and metabias commands in STATA version 13.0 were applied to analyze the data.
Results
Our findings indicated that ART has a positive impact on QoL, with a pooled effect size at approximately 1.04 with a confidence interval between 0.42 to 1.66 which indicates this impact is not very considerable and may be relatively neutral. The pooled effect size for CD4 count on QoL was .29 (95%CI = .22–.35), indicating that there is a negative associate between CD4 count and QoL. The co-morbidity as a negative determinant for QoL among HIV/AIDS infected people. The pooled effect size implies on a relative neutral association, although the confidence interval is wide and ranges between 0.32 to 1.58. The pooled effect size is about 1.82 with confidence interval 1.27 to 2.37 which indicates a considerable positive association with lowest level of heterogeneity.
Conclusions
The results illustrated that time diagnosing and availability to hospital services had significant relationship with a higher QoL and CD4 < 200 was associated with a lower QoL. In conclusion, policy makers should set an agenda setting to provide a suitable diagnostic and therapeutic facilities to early detecting and continues monitoring the health status of People Who Live with HIV/AIDS (PWLHs’).
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Corresponding Authors: Bahram Armoon Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran. tel:.
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Background
QoL has become a critical assessment factor in clinical trials and epidemiological research during the past years as researchers begin to acknowledge the impact of QoL has on overall wellbeing. QoL consists of four dimensions: mental and physical health, communication, and functional autonomy [1]. With the implementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) as an effective prevention and treatment method, HIV has become a chronic disease if PWLHs’ adhere to their treatment. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the QoL for PWLHs’ as they continue to live with HIV and reach for viral suppression [2]. Research has shown that HIV affected patients not only suffer from physical issues, but also experience stigma and misjudgment from society, which can negatively impact an individual’s QoL [3].
More than 60 million people suffer from HIV which is one of the main causes of premature death in developing countries [4]. According to the United Nations joint program on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) [5], the incidence rate of HIV infection has reduced to 38% per year for example, the global HIV incidence rate was 3.4 million in 2001 and 2.1 million in 2013 [6]. In order to improve well-being and social and individual function of patients with HIV infection, critical elements of their QoL must be examined. In addition, recognition of negative factors that impact their QoL could be helpful in improving tailored health care services that enhance QoL gradually [7].
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Some of the greatest factors the negatively effect the success of ART on PWLHs’ are adherence, substance abuse, and refusal in practicing safe sex [8]. On the other hand, studies have identified some positive factors that enhance QoL for PWLHs’, including physical and mental health, socio-demographic characteristics, social network, and job status [9‐12]. Social and behavioral plans must be systematically integrated to potentially lower risk and consequently, disease transmission. However, there is a dearth in literature, specially with meta-analyses and comprehensive systematic reviews, regarding QoL of HIV infected patients receiving ART [13].
Studies have found that the life expectancy of HIV infected patients from high income nations that had received appropriate combination of antiretroviral treatment (cART), were equal to that individuals without HIV infection. Nonetheless, factors affecting health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are not separately examined between people with HIV infection and the general population [14].
Improvements in QoL for PWLHs’ reduce the risk for probable infections associated with HIV, and improves survival for those receiving ART. Positive possible measurements that can assess from ART clinical results are lower mortality rate, severe AIDS-related symptom, and a decrease in the rate of opportunistic infection [15]. ART has proven to be effective if adhered to and has the potential to improve QoL and the general health of patients. Numerous factors associated with an improved QoL among PWLHs’ are: greater co-morbidity burden [16] and AIDS detection [17] were unambiguously related to lower QoL through the lifetime. ART treatment influences the QoL [18]. Additional factors include lower HIV viral load [19], higher CD4+ cell count [19‐21] and less symptoms associated with HIV [22]. There is limited evidence on the impact of prevention plans and QoL, further meta-analyses and comprehensive systematic reviews focusing QoL among PWLHs’ who receive ART are lacking from the literature [13]. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis is to summarize the available clinical evidence reports (CD4 count, ART etc..) and its effects on QoL. Due to lacking of a systematic approach to summarizing the available evidence on the clinical determinants of PWLHs’ QoL, this study aimed to analyze the impact of clinical determinants (ART experience, CD4 count < 200, co-morbidities, time diagnosis and accessibility to cares) on QoL among PWLHs’.
This review can provide direction to policy makers, public health planners and program developers on how best to use their resources to improve the QoLof HIV infected people.
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Study question
What are the impacts of the clinical determinants on QoL among PWLHs’?
Methods
Search strategy and study selection
This study was designed in accordance with identified characteristics from reports on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) [23‐25].
To identify all published, peer-reviewed literature on the social and behavioral characteristics of QoL among PWLHs’, we (H.GH and B.A) searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Cochrane electronic databases independently from February 2000 to February 2017 (H.GH. and B.A.) (Table 1: represents the search strategy.)
Table 1
Search strategy
In [Title]
• #1 (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome [Title/Abstract] OR AIDS [Title/Abstract])
• #2 (Human immunodeficiency Virus Infection [Title/Abstract] OR HIV Infection [Title/Abstract])
• #3 (Quality of Life [Title/Abstract] OR QoL [Title/Abstract])
Initial inclusion criteria were articles with at least an English abstract as well as articles of all times and geographic locations.. After reviewing for duplication, selected articles were assessed for accordance with title, abstract and relevance to the subject of study. Following PICO guidelines, additional inclusion criteria during secondary review were any individual living with HIV among any age group (population), Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) and ART interventions on QoL (intervention), participants that did not receive ART or HAART (comparison group), studies that reported HIV/AIDS clinical information (outcomes), and any study type (cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control) were included (studies). Qualitative studies, Meta-analysis, Systematic reviews and secondary studies were excluded. Also studies with published papers in any language except English were excluded as well.
Data extraction and study quality assessment
Two independent reviewers (H.GH. and B.A.) investigated the titles and abstracts, in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. Any disagreements between the reviewers were discussed by the two reviewers until consensus reached. A third person (E.A) from research team provided input as needed. Then, these reviewers reviewed the full-texts, observing the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were independently extracted by the researchers and catergorized based on article characteristics: first author, publication year, demographic data of sample (age, job, income, education) and other aspects like substance use, alcohol consumption, safe intercourse, and social support (Table 2). Newcastle-Ottawa Scale [26] suggested by the Cochrane Collaboration [27] was used to assess the quality of evaluated articles.
Table 2
Sample Description
Authors
Country
Year
Sample Size
Study Design
Instrument for measuring QoL
Quality Assessment Criteria
Aragonés-López et al.
Cuba
2012
354
Cross- sectional
None
Good
Deribew A. et al.
Ethiopia
2013
465
Cross-sectional
None
Satisfactory
George et al.
Ireland
2016
521
Cross- sectional
None
Good
Tesfaye et al.
Ethiopia
2015
250
Cross- sectional
WHOQOLa
Good
Rüütel K., et al
Estonia
2009
451
Cross- sectional
WHOQOL
Satisfactory
Boyer et al.
France
2012
1985
Cross- sectional
SF-12 physical (PCS)b and mental (MCS) HRQLc
Good
Lan et al.
China
2016
261
Cross- sectional
MOSd
Good
Friend-du Preez et al.
South Africa
2009
612
Cross- sectional
WHOQOL
Good
Ruiz Perez et al.
Spain
2005
320
Cross- sectional
MOS
Satisfactory
Louwagie et al.
South Africa
2007
371
Cross- sectional
EQ5De
Good
D Nglazi et al
South Africa
2014
903
Cross- sectional
EQ5D
Good
Briongos Figuero et al.
Spain
2011
150
Cross- sectional
MOS
Good
aWHOQOL
bPCS
cHRQL
dMOS
eEQ5D
Data synthesis and statistical analysis
To discover effective social and behavioral factors on QoL, a Meta-analysis utilizing pooled odds ratios (ORs) and the 95% cconfidence intervals was conducted.
Dixon Q-test with a P value < 0.05 and I2 statistics with a cut off ≥50% was utilized to evaluate correlation status between the two researchers. 95% confidence intervals for I2 was assessed where negative values of 12 were considered zero. To evaluate pooled estimates, a random effect model was applied to adjusted for differeing sampling methods within the studies. Additionally, a subgroup analysis was conducted to determine heterogeneous articles.
A cumulative regression analysis was conducted, to estimate the trend of ORs over time. In order to recognize publication bias, we used Begg’s and Egger’s publication bias method in statistical and graphical modes [3, 28]. A p-value<.05 was considered statistically significant. Physical aspect of QoL and the effect of social and behavioral influences were explored using ORs and 95% CI that were displays on forest plots. Metan, metareg, metacum, and metabias commands in Stata version 13.0 were applied to analyze the data (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX).
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Results
Study characteristics
A flow diagram depicting the review process is presented in Fig. 1. In total, 5607 papers were identified from four databases and from searching reference lists. Of these, 2107 articles were selected for full text review. After detailed assessment of the citations, we included 12 studies [2, 4, 7, 29‐37]. Table 2 depicts the chatracteristics of the studies.
Fig. 1
PRISMA study design
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Results of metanalysis
There are several clinical factors influencing PWLHs’ QoL in studies. These are shown in Fig. 2 to Fig. 5.
Fig. 2
The impact of Anti-Retroviral Therapy on PLWHA’s QoL
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The impact of ART/HAART on PLWHA’s QoL
In our meta-analysis we considered 5 studies evaluating the impact of ART/HAART on PLWHA’s QoL. These studies discussed about the impact of ART/HAART as an exposure variable and PLWHA’s QoL as an outcome variable. These researches have been done between 2007 to 2015, the sample sizes were from 150 to 903 with a high quality structured approach.
Three studies were implemented in upper middle income country (such as South Africa and Cuba) [29, 35, 37] the study of Tesfaye et al. [32] was done in lower income country (Ethiopia) and the study of Briongos Figuero et al. [4] was done in higher income country (Spain). All of them considered studies used cross-sectional analysis and evaluated impact of ART as a current measure using self-reported questionnaire. As illustrated in Fig. 2, ART/HAART does not have any impact on QoL (OR = 1.04, 95%CI = .42–1.66). The overall heterogeneity was about 60.7%.
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The impact of CD4 count < 200 on PWLHA’s QoL
Four studies [20, 30, 33, 34] examined the impact of CD4 count < 200 on PWLHA’s QoL. Two studies implemented in high-income countries [20, 33], one research was from a upper middle-income country [34] and the last study conducted from a low income country [30]. The date of studies were from 2005 to 2016, and the sample size ranged from 261 to 1985. Two studies had week quality [20, 30] approaches and other researches were categorized as the high quality [33, 34]. All of four studies used cross –sectional design. The progression of HIV/AIDS infection is presented through two indicators CD4 count and the recent World Health Organization’s HIV infection [38] staging approach. The results of CD4 count on PLWHA’s PWLHs’ QoL have been presented in Fig. 3. There is a reverse association between CD4 count (CD4 < 200) and QoL. Among PWLHs, those who had CD4 < 200 were 0.29 times less likely to have poor quality of life (OR = .29, 95%CI = .22, .35) and the heterogeneity is about 75%.
Fig. 3
The impact of CD4 < 200 numbers on PWLHs’ QoL
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The impact of co-morbidities on PLWHA’s QoL
Our finding indicated that four studies evaluated the impact of co-morbidities on PLWHA’s QoL. Of these two of them were done in upper midle income country [29, 37] and two were from higher income country [7, 31]. These studies were from 2009 to 2016, and the sample size ranged from 354 to 903. Three studies had high quality [29, 31, 37] approaches and one research were categorized as the week quality [7]. All of four studies used cross –sectional design. Figure 4 indicates that co-morbidities do not (HCV, HBV and Tuberculosis) have an effect on QoL among PWLHs’ (OR = .95, 95%CI = .32–1.58). The heterogeneity statistics is about 36.4%.
Fig. 4
The impact of Co-morbidity on PWLHs’ QoL
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The impact of in time diagnosis and accessibility to cares on PWLHs’ QoL
Our result demonstrated that four studies assessed the impact of co-morbidities on PLWHA’s QoL. Of those two of them were done in upper midle income country [29, 35] and two were from higher income country [4, 7]. These studies were from 2009 to 2012, and the sample size ranged from 150 to 612. Three studies had high quality [4, 29, 35] and one research were categorized as the week quality [7]. All of four studies used cross –sectional design.
Figure 5 depicts the association between in-time diagnosing and accessibility to hospital services on QoL in PWLHs’. In respondents those who have early time diagnosing were 1.82 times more likely to have accessibility to hospital services (OR = 1.82, 95%CI = 1.27, 2.37).
Fig. 5
The impact of in time diagnosis and accessibility to cares on PWLHs’ QoL
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To identify publication bias, we utilized Egger’s plot which did not demonstrate significant bias (p = 0.31) (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6
Publication bias using Egger’s plot
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Discussion
This study aimed to analyze the impact of clinical determinants (ART experience, CD4 count < 200, co-morbidities, time diagnosis and accessibility to cares) on QoL among PWLHs’.
It is important to note that ART/HAART was not associated with improved or lowered QoL in this meta-analysis. This may be attributable to the complexity of the therapeutic regimen as well as the number and doses of drugs taken daily. Basavaraj et al. in their review concluded that the development of ART could change the patients’ perception about the AIDS as a fatal disease to a manageable one [39]. However, some studies have highlighted that adherence to ART may be a more effective determinant on PWLHs’ QoL rather than uptake of ART. Adherence entails guaranteeing the availability and accessibility to therapy alongside effective counseling techniques to encourage those utilizing ART to adhere to treatment [40, 41].
The influence of ART on HRQoL has been introduced as a equilibrium between decreased HIV-related symptoms and enhanced life-expectancy in an aspect and medication side-effects in another aspect [42]. In individuals with a suitable health status prior to ART-initiation, the mentioned side-effects may decline the benefits [43]. Experiencing few ART-related side-effects associated to normal physical and mental health [43]. One of the examples of side-effects to be mentioned is sexual dysfunction which has a major effect on HRQoL even thogh frequently seen without iatrogenic reason [44].
Previous studies mostly demonstrated the a positive impact of ART on HRQoL. The reason may be because of the frequent enhancements in ART causing to lower side-effects and to likehoods of compound primary actions [45, 46]. ART treatment was autonomously related to a better physical health status [47] and suspension of ART treatment was related with lower mental health status [48]. Several studies indicated no HRQoL-differences between ART-treated and non-treated [4, 49]. The reason may be due to the fact that non-treated PLHIV had a more suitable health, which the treatment was not essential [49].
Given that this study measured CD4 count at less than 200, our findings indicate advanced HIV level of infection progression and its negative impacts on QoL. Usually individuals with this low of a CD4 count are diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. At this stage, CD4 count at lees than 200, the infection manifests the obvious demonstrations. The Asymptomatic stage of the infection convert to symptomatic stage (in stage 4 of the infection with physicial and observable demonstrtions), and according to WHO’s HIV/AIDS infection staging, we can observe the process of conversion of the HIV infection to AIDS as an observable illness. Therfore at this level of CD4 count, we can realize the infection as a disease [38].
However, in a study the results showed that there is no a significant difference between two ART and ART-naïve groups regarding to their counts of CD4 and the level of progression of infection [37]. In another review study the results presented the positive impact of higher level of CD4 counts on QoL, but the researcher stated this association may be not independent. They also concluded that adherence to ART treatment for more than 12 months may lead to better QoL and starting ART in patients with lower counts of CD4 cause better outcomes [50]. Irregardless, those with a CD4 count under 200 need greater attention by receiving appropriate palliative and supportive care.
In the other words, the previous research confirmed the association between immunological status and HRQoL: a higher CD4-cell count proved a better physical health [51‐53]. Also it could estimate better physical health scores on follow-up measurements [54].
In patients who began ART at CD4 < 200 cells/μl thephysicalhealth status enhanced in comparison with patients with 200–350 cells/μl or > 350 cells/μl, the reason was that their physical health at the start point was worse [55]. In spite of that the present guidelines suggest to early beginning of ART (i.e. 350–500 celles/μl), because there it is proved that this findings in decreased progression to AIDS and decreased mortality [50].
According to another study the count of CD4 had negative association with HRQoL at the beginning, and after 12 months turned to positive [56]. One reason may be that PLHIV with a high CD4-count at the start tend to return to their good health and hence pondered their actual health status as not satisfying. After a while, PLHIV expanded other understanding and expectations about HRQoL and could think of their health status satisfying [56].
Other three researches suggested more relationship with mental health. A lower counts of CD4 cell was related with a lower mental health score (cross-sectional and at 12 months) [57, 58]. The reason may be because of the faster disease development in PLHIV with low CD4-counts, cauing to distress [57].
Considering the stage of the disease, a transparent influence on physical health has been determined: by progressing the stages of HIV physical health decreases [58, 59]. The lowest level of physical health has been in people with AIDS which it affects the future physical health in follow-up researches negatively [57, 60].
Of course in this stage the patients need to be considered by medcial practitioners and the ART should be continue with a more focus on the other co-morbidities and diseases that are suffering the patients. Controling the oral and esophageal infections, the Tuberclosis condition, sarcoma and other co-incident illness are very crucial in manging the pateints at this stage. This therapeutic plan may have a grat contribution in helping the patients and manging their health status and subsequently their QoL [61].
One of the challenging aspects in managing and controlling HIV among diagnosed population are co-morbidity and opportunistic infections. These infections may lead to enhanced health problems for patients and thus impact their QoL. However, our meta-analysis did not find a significant association between QoL and co-infection. This is supported by other studies that found no significant difference in QoL between mono-infected HIV/AIDS patients and those infected with hepatitis. In Iran, the results of a study showed HCV/HIV co-infected people have higher scores for physical domain but the HIV mono-infected individuals have had greater scores in social support and physical functioning [62].
Additionally, our study found a positive association between the time of diagnosis and accessibility of services on QoL among PWLHs. Diagnosing HIV/AIDS in its earliest stage and then designing in-time therapy with patients may have a positive impact on managing and controlling the illness. This can lead to a better QoL for PWLHs’ by preparing them useful coping strategies and improved resilience. One study in Estonia found that the QoL of among HIV/AIDS infected individuals that were diagnosed 12 months ago or more was higher than those who were diagnosed less than 12 months ago [7].
However, the influences in mental health were different. A longer time because the diagnosis was related with both lower [49] and higher mental health [63]. Lower mental health during the time may emerge in individuals where longitudinal follow-up caused to a successful control of HIV [49]. After that, PLHIV encountered difficulties to state mental problems because they were anticipated to feel happy because of their suitable health status. On the other words, a longer period may make the growth of effective coping approaches easier which may improve mental health [56]. It is essential to control mental health frequently by health care providers, regardless of the physical condition of the patient.
This study had several limtations. The included studies examined different covariations and had varying approaches to creating their models including logistic and linear models as well as some conducting univariate and other multivariate approaches. Examples of covariate classifications that differed from each study were education and income levels. Thus we stipulated the inclusion criteria indicated in method to allow for aggregation of data and to perform the meta-analysis.
Conclusion
The results illustrated that time diagnosing and availability to hospital services had significant relationship with a higher QoL and CD4 < 200 was associated with a lower QoL. Providing comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic facilities for early detection well as monitoring the health status of PWLHs’ can be a useful agenda to for policymakers who are looking to for managing HIV/AIDS infection and improve QoL of life in their community. Considering the medical needs of HIV/AIDS patients, developing supportive and therapeutic actions regarding their illness are recommended.
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