Introduction
Risk factors
Cancer-related |
Site |
Very high risk: pancreas, brain, stomach |
High risk: lung, kidney, colon, uterus, bladder, testicular tumor |
Low risk: prostate, breast |
Stage/metastatic disease |
Higher for metastatic disease over locally advanced or local disease |
Histology |
Higher for adenocarcinoma over squamous cell carcinoma |
Tumor grade |
Higher for high-grade tumors (grade 3–4) compared to low grade (grade 1–2) |
Initial period after diagnosis (3–6 months) |
Active disease |
Vascular compression due to tumoral mass or lymphadenopathy |
Treatment-related |
Chemotherapy |
Cisplatin |
Surgery |
Hospitalization |
Hormonal treatment |
Indwelling catheters |
Glucocorticoids |
Transfusions |
Erythrocyte and platelet transfusions |
Erythropoietic stimulating agents |
Antiangiogenic agents |
Thalidomide and lenalidomide |
Patient-related |
Older age |
>65 years |
Obesity |
>35 BMI |
African-American |
Female |
Prior VTE history |
Chronic venous insufficiency |
Comorbidities/medical problems (infection, pulmonary or renal disease, arterial thromboembolism, others) |
Pregnancy |
Tobacco |
Poor performance status |
Low level of activity/physical exercise |
Major trauma and immobilization |
Inherited thrombophilia (Factor V Leiden) |
Prophylaxis
Prophylaxis of VTE in hospitalized medical cancer patients
Clinical trial | Number of patients | Cancer patients (%) | Study drugs | VTE events | Relative risk reduction | Major bleeding | NTT | Cancer subgroup VTE events |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARTEMIS | 849 | 15.4 | Fondaparinux sc (2.5 mg/24 h) vs. placebo | 5.6 vs. 10.5 % p = 0.029 | 0.47 | 0.2 vs. 0.2 % p = NS | 20 | 17.0 vs. 3.9 % RR 4.3 NNH 8 |
MEDENOX | 866 | 12.4 | Enoxaparin sc (40 mg/24 h) vs. placebo | 5.5 vs. 14.9 % p < 0.001 | 0.37 | 1.7 vs. 1.1 % p = NS | 11 | 9.7 vs. 19.5 % RR 0.50 (95 % CI 0.14–1.72) NNT 10 |
PREVENT | 3,706 | 5.1 | Dalteparin sc (5,000 UI/24 h) vs. placebo | 2.8 vs. 5.0 % p = 0.0015 | 0.55 | 0.5 vs. 0.2 % p = NS | 45 | 3.1 vs. 8.3 % RR 0.37 NNT 18 |
Recommendation
Prophylaxis of VTE in surgical cancer patients
Recommendation
Prophylaxis of VTE in ambulatory cancer patients during chemotherapy
Study | Number of patients | Type of tumor | Risk of thrombosis | LMWH | Dose |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PROTECHT Lancet Onc’09 | 1,150 | Lung, pancreas, stomach, colorectal, breast, ovarian, head and neck cancer | High (pancreas, stomach) Low (breast, head and neck) | Nadroparin | 3,800 UI/24 h |
FRAGEM UK EJC’11 | 123 | Pancreas | High | Dalteparin | 200 UI/kg/24 h × 4 weeks followed 150 UI/kg/24 h × 8 weeks |
CONKO 004 ASCO’10 | 312 | Pancreas | High | Enoxaparin | 1 mg/kg/24 h × 3 m, followed 40 mg/24 h × 3 m |
SAVE ONCO NEJM’12 | 3,212 | Lung, colorectal, stomach, pancreas, kidney and ovarian cancer | Moderate–high | Semuloparin | 20 mg/24 h |
Meta-analysis Cochrane 2012 | 3,538 | Multiple neoplasms | Not defined | – | – |
Akl pooled analysis NEJM’12 | ≈6.000 | Multiple neoplasms | Not defined | – | – |
Duration | VTE (%) CT + LMWH vs. CT | Major bleeding CT + LMWH vs. QT | Minor bleeding CT + LMWH vs. CT | NNT |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 months | 2.0 vs. 3.9 % *(VTE + ATE) p = 0.02 | 0.7 vs. 0 % p = 0.18 | 7.4 vs. 7.9 % | 53 |
12 weeks | 3.4 vs. 23.0 % RR 0.145, p = 0.002 | 3.4 vs. 3.2 % | 9.0 vs. 3.0 % | – |
6 months | 5.1 vs. 15.6 % p < 0.05 | No difference p = NS | NR | 12 (sVTE) |
Until a change of CT regimen | 1.2 % vs. 3.4 % HR 0.36, p < 0.001 | 1.2 vs. 1.2 % | 1.6 vs. 0.9 % | 46 |
– | Heparin vs. no prophylaxis | 60 (sVTE) | ||
0.55 (0.34–0.88) | 1.57 (0.69–3.60) | – | ||
– | Heparin vs. no prophylaxis | – | ||
0.57 (0.40–0.81) | 1.06 (0.71–1.57) | 1.18 (0.89–1.55) |
Patient characteristics | Risk score points | |
---|---|---|
Site of cancer | ||
Very high risk (stomach, pancreas) | 2 | |
High risk (lung, lymphoma, gynecologic, genitourinary excluding prostate) | 1 | |
Pre-chemotherapy platelet count ≥350,000/mm3
| 1 | |
Hemoglobin level less than <10 g/dl or use of red cell growth factors | 1 | |
Pre-chemotherapy leukocyte count >11,000/mm3
| 1 | |
BMI 35 ≥ 35 kg/m2
| 1 |
Risk score (points) | Risk category | Rates of sVTE according to scores (%) |
---|---|---|
0 | Low | 0.3–0.8 |
1–2 | Intermediate | 1.8–2.0 |
≥3 | High | 6.7–7.1 |
Recommendation
Prophylaxis of VTE in cancer patients with central venous catheters
Recommendation
Treatment
Initial treatment of VTE in cancer patients (5–10 days)
Recommendation
Treatment of central venous catheter-associated thrombosis (CVCAT)
Recommendation
Treatment of acute PE
Recommendation
Treatment of incidental PE
Recommendation
Long-term treatment of CAT
Clinical trial/year | Study drug |
N
| Observation period | Recurrent VTE (VKA vs. LMWH) | Major bleeding (VKA vs. LMWH) | Mortality (VKA vs. LMWH) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CLOT 2003 | Dalteparin 25 % LMWH dose reduction after 1 month | 672 | 6 months | 17 vs. 9 %; p = 0.02 | 4 vs. 6 %; p = 0.27 | 41 vs. 39 %; p = 0.53 |
CANTHANOX 2002 | Enoxaparin full dose once daily | 146 | 3 months | 21.1 vs. 10.5 %; p = 0.09 | 16 vs. 7 %; p = 0.09 | 22.7 vs. 11.3 %; p = 0.07 |
ONCENOX 2006 | Enoxaparin 2 full-dose schemes (twice and once daily)a
| 122 | 6 months | 10 vs. 6.9 vs. 6.3. %; p = NS | 2.9 vs. 6.5 vs. 11.1 %; p = NS | 32.4 vs. 22.6 vs. 41.7 %; p = NS |
LITE 2006 | Tinzaparin full dose | 200 | 3 months | 16 vs, 7 %; p = 0.044 | 7 vs. 7 %; p = NS | 19 vs. 20 %; p = NS |
Risk factor | Points |
---|---|
Female sex | +1 |
Lung cancer | +1 |
Breast cancer | −1 |
TNM stage I | −2 |
Prior VTE | +1 |