Introduction
Data and methods
Participants
Avon longitudinal study of parents and children
Tracking adolescent’s individual lives survey
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Relative indices of inequality
Analyses
Results
N | Internalising | Externalising | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Prevalence (%) | Mean (SD) | Prevalence (%) | ||
Total (complete cases) | 4,041 | 1.36 (1.66) | 19.8 | 1.21 (1.40) | 15.3 |
Mother’s educational level | |||||
Low (CSE or no education) | 311 | 1.52 (1.92) | 22.8 | 1.33 (1.50) | 18.1 |
Middle (vocational or O level) | 1,735 | 1.43 (1.69) | 21.0 | 1.27 (1.45) | 16.9 |
High (A level or degree) | 1,995 | 1.27 (1.59) | 18.3 | 1.13 (1.34) | 13.4 |
Household income | |||||
Lowest | 1,528 | 1.48 (1.79) | 21.4 | 1.35 (1.53) | 17.9 |
Middle | 1,342 | 1.32 (1.65) | 19.7 | 1.12 (1.29) | 14.4 |
Highest | 1,171 | 1.25 (1.49) | 17.8 | 1.11 (1.33) | 13.0 |
Cognitive ability (IQ) | |||||
Lowest tertile | 1,338 | 1.56 (1.76) | 23.2 | 1.40 (1.54) | 19.3 |
Middle tertile | 1,356 | 1.38 (1.68) | 21.0 | 1.22 (1.40) | 15.9 |
Highest tertile | 1,347 | 1.14 (1.51) | 15.2 | 1.00 (1.22) | 10.7 |
Maternal depression (EPDS) | |||||
Lowest tertile | 1,468 | 1.09 (1.48) | 14.9 | 0.98 (1.23) | 10.8 |
Middle | 1,256 | 1.29 (1.54) | 18.1 | 1.14 (1.33) | 13.9 |
Highest tertile | 1,317 | 1.73 (1.89) | 27.0 | 1.52 (1.59) | 21.6 |
N | Internalising | Externalising | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Prevalence (%) | Mean (SD) | Prevalence (%) | ||
Total (complete cases) | 1,703 | .20 (.18) | 15.1 | .17 (.18) | 18.0 |
Mother’s educational level | |||||
Low (≤ Lower secondary) | 589 | .21 (.19) | 15.8 | .20 (.20) | 22.9 |
Middle (Higher secondary) | 612 | .21 (.19) | 16.2 | .17 (.18) | 18.0 |
High (Higher vocational/university) | 502 | .19 (.18) | 13.1 | .13 (.15) | 12.2 |
Household income | |||||
Lowest | 688 | .22 (.19) | 16.9 | .19 (.19) | 20.5 |
Middle | 525 | .21 (.18) | 15.6 | .17 (.18) | 18.9 |
Highest | 490 | .17 (.17) | 12.2 | .13 (.16) | 13.5 |
Cognitive ability (IQ) | |||||
Lowest tertile | 585 | .21 (.20) | 17.4 | .21 (.22) | 23.8 |
Middle tertile | 657 | .19 (.18) | 12.0 | .16 (.17) | 15.7 |
Highest tertile | 461 | .20 (.18) | 16.7 | .14 (.14) | 13.9 |
Maternal depression | |||||
No | 1,239 | .18 (.17) | 12.2 | .15 (.17) | 15.1 |
Yes | 101 | .25 (.19) | 22.8 | .20 (.21) | 19.8 |
Yes + had treatment/medication | 363 | .27 (.21) | 23.1 | .23 (.21) | 27.3 |
Internalising | Externalising | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
ALSPAC | ||||||
Mother’s educational level | 1.30 (0.98–1.72) | 1.18 (0.89–1.56) | 1.10* (0.81–1.49) | 1.79 (1.31–2.44) | 1.58 (1.15–2.17) | 1.42§ (1.01–1.99) |
Household income | 1.40 (1.05–1.86) | 1.25 (0.94–1.67) | 1.21‡ (0.88–1.65) | 1.80 (1.31–2.47) | 1.25 (0.94–1.67) | 1.36† (0.96–1.92) |
TRAILS | ||||||
Mother’s educational level | 1.24 (0.78–1.97) | 1.15 (0.72–1.84) | 0.97* (0.58–1.61) | 2.65 (1.72–4.08) | 2.49 (1.61–3.85) | 2.21§ (1.37–3.54) |
Household income | 1.77 (1.06–2.94) | 1.61 (0.96–2.69) | 1.63‡ (0.93–2.84) | 2.17 (1.34–3.52) | 1.97 (1.21–3.21) | 1.42† (0.84–2.40) |
Internalising | Externalising | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mother’s educational level | Household income | Mother’s educational level | Household income | |
ALSPAC
| ||||
Cognitive ability | ||||
Lowest tertile | 1.22 (0.72–2.08) | 1.18 (0.70–2.00) | 1.43 (0.81–2.54) | 1.52 (0.86–2.69) |
Middle tertile | 0.55 (0.32–0.93) | 1.08 (0.64–1.81) | 1.00 (0.56–1.79) | 0.68 (0.38–1.21) |
Highest tertile | 1.20 (0.65–2.21) | 1.14 (0.62–2.10) | 0.91 (0.45–1.84) | 2.36 (1.18–4.75) |
P-value interaction | .42 | .41 | .88 | .92 |
Likelihood ratio | −4.50 | −0.11 | ||
TRAILS
| ||||
Cognitive ability | ||||
Lowest tertile | 0.65 (0.28–1.51) | 2.09 (0.77–5.62) | 1.10 (0.51–2.36) | 1.65 (0.69–3.97) |
Middle tertile | 2.65 (1.06–6.57) | 1.50 (0.56–4.06) | 2.89 (1.20–6.03) | 0.81 (0.35–1.87) |
Highest tertile | 0.41 (0.13–1.27) | 1.42 (0.55–3.64) | 1.93 (0.64–5.82) | 2.34 (0.78–7.01) |
P-value interaction | .78 | .36 | .37 | .73 |
Likelihood ratio | −2.56 | −1.63 |