Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a frequent tumour, with an elevated mortality in western countries [1]. It is the second cancer in the population of Asturias (Northern Spain), and represents 13% of the total number of cases of cancer diagnosed annually. CRC causes 3.7% of the total number of deaths and 14.1% of the deaths due to cancer [2].
To study the influence of the different etiological environmental factors on colon cancer in man, long-term prospective studies are difficult to carry out [3].
Anzeige
Several authors have suggested that colon cancer is promoted by non-specific colonic lesions [4, 5]. Late anastomotic recurrences of colorectal carcinoma could be explained by this hypothesis [6‐9].
The induction of colorectal cancer with 1–2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in rats is a currently valid experimental model, which is transferable to humans, both in their macro-microscopic and biological behaviour [10‐12].
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of anastomosis in the colon of rats subjected to colonic tumoral induction with DMH.
Methods
This study is part of a previously published experiment in which end-to-side ileorectal anastomosis, constructed with 4-0 silk suture, was performed in rats, as described elsewhere [13].
Anzeige
The intervention time was approximately 35 minutes and rats were returned to their cages, and placed in a lateral position.
The commencement of oral tolerance was permitted from the time of wakening. The reintroduction of dietary pellets in the dispensers was made 12 hours later. Faeces of soft consistency and normal colour appeared at 48 hours. DMH injections were started on day eight after the intervention [6, 14].
Both male and female rats were used in this study. This being based on the differences found between them in previous studies [13], where female rats showed a lower overall mortality rate, and a lower incidence of colorectal cancer. A higher number were tumour-free and a trend toward a smaller size in tumours developed in defunctionalized colonic segments was seen. Their behaviour seemed to be different from that in male animals.
Sixty-eight 10-weeks-old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats of identical strain from our laboratory were operated on. Twelve rats were dead within 30 postoperative days, and another 13 rats died before completion of the study. Thus 43 rats out of 68 were studied.
The 43 surviving rats that finished the study were distributed into two groups: Group A: 16 rats received no treatment. Group B: 27 rats, both male and female, received 18 subcutaneous injections weekly at a dose of 21 mg/kg. wt. of 1–2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH; Fluka Chemica A.G., Sigma Co.®, St. Louis, Missouri, USA). The DMH solution was prepared weekly as previously reported [13, 15, 16]. Injections were administered into the lumbar region from the eighth day after intervention.
The diet of rats (ITM-R20 diet, Lab Letica ®, Barcelona, Spain) contained 3 % fat and 5 % fibre. The quantity of food consumed was controlled throughout the study. Fifty percent of the animals from each group were weighed weekly, until sacrificed. Room conditions were maintained at a constant temperature and humidity, and a circadian cycle of light-darkness of 12 hours was established [17, 18]. The animals were separated in cages with a maximum of three per cage, in order to avoid autophagia. Animals of different gender were not mixed in order to avoid aggressions, similar to those found in previous studies [13, 15, 16, 19, 20].
Both the recommendations of the European Ethics Committee (E.C. Directive 1986/609) and the Spanish Royal Decree 1201/2005, October 10 (BOE number 25, October 21, 2005) for animal handling in experimental conditions were followed throughout the study.
Survival rats were sacrificed between 25–27 weeks of study, by means of intra-peritoneal injection of a lethal dose of 4.5% chloral hydrate. A fixed and equal number of rats from each group were sacrificed each week [15, 16].
Anzeige
At necropsy, the thoracic and abdominal cavities were examined. The number of tumours, their localization and size were recorded. Samples of tumours were later taken for histological study, both from left colon with faeces and rectum, and from the perianastomotic zone. These samples were fixed and prepared by means of hematoxyline-eosine staining. The lesions of the colonic mucosa were classified according to the criterion of Grau Castro-Piqué Badía [21] and Lev [22]. Other findings were also recorded.
The length of the colonic segments was measured [23] in order to obtain the colonic segment surface. Tumour size was obtained by measuring maximum diameters, and considered as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) [13, 16, 24]. The perianastomotic zone was defined as 2 cm above and below the anastomotic line [6, 7]. The global tumoral area is presented in square centimetres. The percentage tumoral area is defined as the relationship between each tumoral area and its colonic segment surface (per cent).
We have previously demonstrated [13] that the absence of faeces could modify the carcinogenic effect of DMH. Thus tumours which developed in the defunctionalized colonic segments were excluded from the study.
Data were analysed using the SPSS package, performing analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a paired chi-squared test. Differences were considered as significant when the p value was less than or equal to 0.05.
Anzeige
Results
Twenty-five rats (36.8%) died prior to completion of the study, 10 rats (38.5%) from group A and 15 (35.7%) from group B. Similar percentages of deaths have been described in previous studies [13].
The postoperative mortality (within 30 days) of the rats operated on was 17.6% (12 out of 68).
No tumours were observed in rats from group A. Morphological description of the sample, and tumour incidence and distribution are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Morphological description of sample, tumour incidence and distribution.
SP | SP + DMH | |
|---|---|---|
Weight in g (mean ± SD) | ||
Males | 600 ± 0.00 | 521.67 ± 108.89 |
Females | 291 ± 42.22 | 314.44 ± 49.67 |
Number of rats sacrificed, n (%) | 16 (61.5 %) | 27 (64.3 %) |
Males/Females | 1/15 | 9/18 |
Number of tumour-free rats, n (%) | 16 (100 %) | 9 (33.3 %) |
Males, n (%) | 1/1 (100 %) | 0/9 (0%) |
Females, n (%) | 15/15 (100 %) | 9/18 (50 %) * |
Total number of tumours, n | - | 29 |
Males/Females, n | - | 15/14 |
Mean number of tumours/rat (mean ± SD) | ||
Males | - | 2.22 ± 0.83 |
Females | - | 2.11 ± 1.17 |
Tumour area in cm2 (mean ± SD) | ||
Males | - | 7.38 ± 0.97 |
Females | - | 6.85 ± 0.90 |
Twenty-nine tumours were studied in the 27 rats (Group B) that finished the study. In these rats, 34.5% of tumours were located in the perianastomotic zone (10 out of 29), while 65.5% were located in the left colonic segments with presence of faeces (19 out of 29) (p = 0.90).
Anzeige
Taking all the animals together, the global tumoral area was 22.69 cm2. The tumoral area in the perianastomotic zone was 13.37 cm2 (58.23% of the whole tumoral area; X = 133.67 ± 141.31 mm2), and in the "extra-anastomotic" zone (the rest of the colonic segments with faeces) was 9.32 cm2 (41.77%; X = 49.06 ± 92.19 mm2) (p = 0.13). No significant differences were found between male and female rats when comparing the mean number of tumours per rat, excluding tumour-free rats. Moreover, no differences were observed in the tumoral area developed in male rats compared to female rats in group B (Table 1).
In the animals that completed the study, the global colonic tissue examined was 113.75 cm2, and was distributed as follows: 19.58 cm2 (17.24% of the whole tissue surface) of perianastomotic tissue, 60.26 cm2 (52.95%) of defunctionalized descending colon with faeces and 33.91 cm2 (29.81%) of rectum surface. The extra-anastomotic tissue surface represented 94.17 cm2 (82.76%).
With respect to percentage tumoral area, 22.69 cm2 out of 113.76 cm2 of colonic tissue had changed to tumoral tissue (19.94%). This transformation was 68.25% in the perianastomotic zone and 9.90% in the rest of the large bowel with faeces (p = 0.014) (Table 2).
Table 2
Differences between tumours located in the perianastomotic zone and tumours located in the rest of colon with faeces in rats of group B.
Perianastomotic zone | Colon with faeces | |
|---|---|---|
Number of tumours, n | 10 | 19 |
Average tumour size, mm2
| 133.67 ± 141.31 | 49.06 ± 92.19 |
Tumoral area, cm2
| 13.37 | 9.32 |
Percentage tumoral area, % | 68.25 * | 9.90 |
In relation to the microscopic characteristic of the tumours, 5 mucinous carcinomas (2 in perianastomotic zone and 3 in the extra-anastomotic colic area) and 24 adenocarcinomas were observed. One male rat developed peritoneal carcinomatosis, and a female rat showed multiple liver and spleen metastases which were microscopically confirmed.
Discussion
The overall mortality rate for experimental studies in rats, which includes surgical procedures, is high. For this reason, their performance is low [25‐27]. In our study we lost a total of 36.8% of the animals, despite the fact that our postoperative mortality rate was low and appropriate [28‐30].
Some authors have reported an incidence of spontaneous experimental colonic carcinogenesis of less than 2–3 rats/100.000 rats observed [31]. Thus we expected to find tumour-free animals in the absence of carcinogen (DMH). Based on the number of animals that completed the study, the number of rats in each group was statistically designed to obtain the minimum number of rats in the group in which no tumours were expected (group A). A paired statistical analysis was then performed in those rats that developed colonic tumours and a comparison of such was made according to their location.
The model of colonic carcinogenesis with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in rats is a valid model, and is transferable to humans [10‐12]. DMH has mutagenic properties [32] with an additive effect both through blood and luminal route [10].
We have previously demonstrated [13] that the absence of faeces could modify the carcinogenic effect of DMH. Thus, those rats in which tumours developed in the defunctionalized colonic segments (in absence of faeces) were excluded from the study.
The perianastomotic zone was defined as being 2 centimetres above and below the anastomotic line, as suggested by Noguera et al. [6]. We had previously used [19, 23] a different definition of perianastomotic zone, which was defined as being 5 mm above and below the anastomotic line. The greater surface of colonic tissue used in this study, makes results implement their adequacy [6, 7, 23].
Taking tumour size as a parameter to evaluate the carcinogenic effect of an anastomosis from tumours in the perianastomotic zone compared to tumours located in the rest of colon with faeces, no significant differences were observed between the mean values, despite a big difference between them. Thus tumour size was a less reliable parameter than others when evaluating the mucosal carcinogenic changes because of its wide variability related to both colon size and tumoral tissue. A lower number of tumours were found in the perianastomotic zone compared to the rest of colon with faeces in rats of group B.
Some studies have recommended both percentage and global tumoral area as more adequate parameters than the number of tumours to evaluate tumoral colonic proliferation [7]. Based on this recommendation, we found that our rats showed greater tumoral areas (with no significant differences), and their percentage tumoral areas were significantly greater in the perianastomotic zone compared to the rest of the colon with faeces in rats from group B (p = 0.014).
As in previous studies [13], we observed different tumoral behaviour in relation to gender. In fact, female rats showed a lower overall mortality rate, a lower incidence of colorectal cancer, and a higher number were tumour-free. Nevertheless, no differences were observed in tumoral induction between male and female rats. This being defined in terms of the total number of tumours, the mean number of tumours per rat, and the tumoral area.
Thus, a cocarcinogenic effect due to anastomosis might have been observed in the colon of those rats subjected to colonic tumoral induction with DMH, and gender did not modify this effect.
Late anastomotic recurrences of colorectal carcinoma are an important risk in patients who undergo procedures that include colorectal anastomosis. Resulting from an increased cell proliferation at colonic crypts bordering the anastomotic line [4], an increased cellular activity near the anastomosis [23], and from a chronic inflammatory effect by suture [5‐9, 33], the hypothesis of a higher susceptibility of the anastomotic mucosa represents the most favourable explanation for these recurrences.
This chronic inflammatory effect by suture may be modulated depending on the materials used [19]. In all rats, anastomosis were constructed with a 4-0 silk suture, which could be confirmed on autopsy. The non-absorbable material used might have induced a continuous and higher inflammatory effect, based on an elevated crypt cell production by silk [34], compared to other suture materials [5]. Thus, the use of silk sutures might have increased the cocarcinogenic effect of anastomosis in our animals.
Conclusion
Based in our experimental findings, we can conclude that a cocarcinogenic effect of anastomosis constructed with silk suture has been observed in the colon with faeces of both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, when using an experimental model of colonic carcinogenesis (18 subcutaneous injections weekly at a dose of 21 mg/kg. wt. of 1–2 dimethylhydrazine).
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Mr. David Wallace for his technical support in editing the final manuscript. Valle del Nalón Hospital (SPH) has provided Internet services, and electronic and print books and journals, and allowed us to create some databases, printing the manuscripts, and email service. School of Medicine of University of Oviedo (LR) has made possible the statistic analysis. Skills lab, animals and their food, expertise personnel for animal handling, drugs, and materials for surgical procedures and histological study have been provided by School of Medicine of University of Lleida (JVS, CPF).
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
Prof. Luis Rodrigo, MD, PhD, has contributed in the conception and revision of the discussion, selection and approval of references used, and supervision-approval of the final manuscript. Dr. Carme Pinyol-Felis, PhD, has contributed into the surgical performance phase, so as in acquisition of data, bibliography collection, and macro-microscopic study of samples. Prof. Joan Vinyas-Salas; MD, PhD, has designed the study, contributed in revision of the results, and supervised the surgical procedure technique. At last, Dr. Sergio Perez-Holanda, MD, PhD, has contributed in the conception of the study, so as in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, team's coordination, and has written and draft the manuscript.
All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.