Introduction
Materials and methods
Subjects
Total (n = 12,705) | Normal (n = 11,785) | AL |
p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mild (n = 469) | Moderate-to-very severe (n = 451) | |||||||
Men (n = 6,010) | Women (n = 5,775) | Men (n = 257) | Women (212) | Men (n = 394) | Women (n = 57) | Men | Women | |
Age, yr | 56.4 (9.8) | 55.1 (9.6) | 63.0 (10.5)**
| 57.4 (10.6)**
| 59.7 (11.0)**##
| 55.4 (12.1) | <0.001 | 0.002 |
Height, cm | 167.7 (6.2) | 155.6 (5.7) | 166.2 (6.5)**
| 155.6 (5.4) | 167.8 (6.4)##
| 156.3 (7.0) | <0.001 | 0.626 |
Weight, kg | 66.9 (9.7) | 53.6 (8.4) | 64.5 (8.8)**
| 54.2 (8.3) | 66.3 (9.8) | 52.7 (7.9) | <0.001 | 0.457 |
Abdominal circumference, cm | 85.4 (7.8) | 81.0 (8.9) | 84.4 (6.9) | 82.7 (7.8)*
| 85.7 (8.2) | 80.5 (8.4) | 0.122 | 0.023 |
BMI, kg/m2
| 23.7 (2.9) | 22.1 (3.3) | 23.3 (2.7) | 22.4 (3.0) | 23.5 (3.0) | 21.6 (2.8) | 0.03 | 0.243 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 121.1 (16.8) | 118.3 (17.8) | 123.2 (18.9) | 123.6 (18.4)**
| 125.8 (18.3)**
| 125.9 (18.0)*
| <0.001 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 76.2 (11.9) | 72.8 (11.9) | 75.1 (11.6) | 75.4 (12.7)*
| (74.8 (12.1) | 72.0 (10.3) | 0.032 | 0.006 |
Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||||
Never smokers | 1,995 (33.2) | 5,216 (90.3) | 71 (27.6) | 192 (90.6) | (81 (20.5) | 51 (89.5) | ||
Former smokers | 2,298 (38.2) | 257 (4.5) | (116 (45.1) | 9 (4.2) | (165 (41.9) | 4 (7.0) | ||
Current smokers | 1,717 (28.6) | 302 (5.2) | (70 (27.3) | 11 (5.2) | 148 (37.6) | 2 (3.5) | <0.001 | 0.881 |
Pack-years | 18.3 (20.1) | 1.2 (4.7) | 24.4 (24.4)**
| 1.9 (7.6) | 28.6 (25.9)**#
| 1.3 (4.2) | <0.001 | 0.081 |
Lung function | ||||||||
FVC, mL | 4,029.0 (642.6) | 3,280.0 (776.8) | 4,227.6 (645.7)**
| 3,490.5 (787.2)**
| 3,242.4 (618.9)**##
| 2,306.0 (468.6)**##
| <0.001 | <0.001 |
FEV1, mL | 3,226.1 (519.0) | 2,645.3 (628.8) | 2,789.2 (445.5)**
| 2,275.7 (506.7)**
| 2,023.2 (444.8)**##
| 1,427.0 (308.2)**##
| <0.001 | <0.001 |
FEV1/FVC, % | 80.2 (5.2) | 80.8 (5.3) | 66.0 (3.3)**
| 65.4 (3.8)**
| 62.3 (6.8)**##
| 62.0 (6.7)**##
| <0.001 | <0.001 |
FEV1 % predicted, % | 98.8 (14.0) | 120.8 (29.2) | 92.3 (11.7)**
| 105.7 (19.9) | 63.8 (00312.4)**##
| 65.1 (12.1)**##
| <0.001 | <0.001 |
Laboratory data | ||||||||
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 102.2 (19.5) | 97.9 (17.5) | 104.2 (19.2) | 100.1 (18.7) | 104.2 (22.3) | 97.3 (15.3) | 0.053 | 0.03 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL (interquartile range) | 106.0 (74–157.0) | 86.0 (63.0–127.0) | 109.0 (82.5–162.5) | 102.0 (71.0–141.8) | 102.0 (75.0–147.0) | 91.0 (68.5–115.5) | 0.222 | 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 61.7 (16.3) | 68.7 (17.0) | 61.6 (19.9) | 66.9 (16.8) | 61.5 (15.6) | 73.2 (19.7)#
| 0.961 | 0.04 |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 119.3 (28.7) | 119.2 (28.9) | 116.8 (28.2) | 119.6 (28.5) | 116.7 (28.0) | 111.7 (27.6) | 0.09 | 0.15 |
White blood cell count,/μL | 5,573.0 (1538.1) | 5,227.3 (1454.6) | 5,946.7 (1744.1)*
| 5,638.2 (1661.7)**
| 5,842.9 (1576.5)*
| 5,157.9 (1235.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Lung function tests
Laboratory measurements
Comorbidities
Statistical analyses
Results
Study population characteristics
Comorbidities
Comorbidity | Normal
n = 11,785 | AL |
p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mild n = 469 | Moderate-to-very severe n = 451 | |||
Men (n = 6,661) |
n = 6,010 |
n = 257 |
n = 394 | |
Lumg cancer | 9 (0.15) | 3 (1.17) | 7 (1.78) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 2,602 (43.29) | 127 (49.42) | 210 (53.30) | 0.064 |
Diabetes and hyperglycemia | 1,241 (20.65) | 65 (25.29) | 102 (22.62) | 0.012 |
Dyslipidemia | 2,887 (48.04) | 118 (45.91) | 182 (46.19) | 0.637 |
MetS (JIS) | 1,009 (16.79) | 44 (17.12) | 84 (21.32) | 0.068 |
MetS (JCCMS) | 964 (16.04) | 46 (18.11) | 68 (17.26) | 0.611 |
Ischemic heart disease | 164 (2.73) | 7 (2.72) | 14 (3.55) | 0.627 |
Osteoporosis | 8 (0.13) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.25) | 0.684 |
Depression and mental disease | 17 (0.28) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.25) | 0.692 |
Women (n = 6,044) |
n = 5,775 |
n = 212 |
n = 57 | |
Lumg cancer | 15 (0.26) | 2 (0.94) | 1 (1.75) | 0.026 |
Hypertension | 1,886 (32.66) | 97 (45.75) | 25 (43.86) | <0.001 |
Diabetes and hyperglycemia | 754 (13.06) | 44 (20.75) | 9 (15.79) | 0.005 |
Dyslipidemia | 2,433 (42.13) | 94 (44.34) | 17 (29.82) | 0.138 |
MetS (JIS) | 1,024 (17.73) | 51 (24.06) | 9 (15.79) | 0.057 |
MetS (JCCMS) | 200 (3.46) | 14 (6.60) | 2 (3.51) | 0.054 |
Ischemic heart disease | 61 (1.06) | 3 (1.42) | 0 (0) | 0.648 |
Osteoporosis | 316 (5.47) | 19 (8.96) | 6 (10.53) | 0.027 |
Depression and mental disease | 15 (0.26) | 1 (0.47) | 0 (0) | 0.779 |
Comorbidity | Normal n = 11,785 | AL total
n = 920 |
p Value | AL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mild n = 469 |
p Value | Moderate-to-very severe n = 451 |
p Value | ||||
Men (n = 6,661) |
n = 6,010 |
n = 651 |
n = 257 |
n = 394 | |||
Lung cancer | |||||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 10.40 (4.21–25.69) | <0.001 | 7.88 (2.12–29.27) | 0.002 | 12.06 (4.47–32.56) | <0.001 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 9.88 (3.88–25.14) | <0.001 | 6.52 (1.70–24.99) | 0.006 | 12.58 (4.53–34.94) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | |||||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.21 (1.03–1.42) | 0.024 | 1.28 (1.00–1.64) | 0.053 | 1.16 (0.95–1.42) | 0.156 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.91–1.27) | 0.404 | 1.08 (0.83–1.39) | 0.585 | 1.08 (0.87–1.33) | 0.506 |
Diabetes and hyperglycemia | |||||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.33 (1.10–1.60) | 0.003 | 1.30 (0.98–1.74) | 0.073 | 1.34 (1.06–1.70) | 0.014 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.23 (1.02–1.49) | 0.034 | 1.19 (0.89–1.60) | 0.245 | 1.26 (0.99–1.60) | 0.06 |
Dyslipidemia | |||||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.79–1.09) | 0.343 | 0.92 (0.72–1.18) | 0.505 | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) | 0.478 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.81–1.13) | 0.576 | 0.98 (0.76–1.26) | 0.862 | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) | 0.551 |
MetS (JIS) | |||||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.21 (0.99–1.49) | 0.065 | 1.02 (0.74–1.43) | 0.889 | 1.34 (1.05–1.73) | 0.021 |
Adjusted* OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) | 0.075 | 1.05 (0.75–1.46) | 0.797 | 1.32 (1.02–1.69) | 0.034 |
MetS (JCCMS) | |||||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.90–1.38) | 0.333 | 1.14 (0.82–1.58) | 0.428 | 1.09 (0.83–1.43) | 0.524 |
Adjusted* OR (95% CI | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.85–1.31) | 0.648 | 1.08 (0.77–1.50) | 0.665 | 1.04 (0.79–1.36) | 0.797 |
Ischemic heart disease | |||||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.75–1.89) | 0.464 | 1.00 (0.46–2.15) | 0.996 | 1.31 (0.75–2.29) | 0.336 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.53–1.38) | 0.524 | 0.65 (0.30–1.41) | 0.27 | 1.02 (0.58–1.81) | 0.937 |
Women (n–6,044) |
n = 5,775 |
n = 269 |
n = 212 |
n = 57 | |||
Lung cancer | |||||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 4.33 (1.25–15.05) | 0.02 | 3.66 (0.83–16.10) | 0.086 | 6.86 (0.89–52.80) | 0.065 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 3.42 (0.97–12.11) | 0.057 | 2.82 (0.63–12.64) | 0.176 | 5.95 (0.75–47.32) | 0.09 |
Hypertension | |||||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.71 (1.34–2.19) | <0.001 | 1.74 (1.32–2.29) | <0.001 | 1.61 (0.95–2.73) | 0.08 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.63 (1.26–2.10) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.20–2.11) | 0.001 | 1.79 (1.04–3.10) | 0.037 |
Diabetes and hyperglycemia | |||||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.63 (1.20–2.23) | 0.002 | 1.74 (1.24–2.45) | 0.001 | 1.25 (0.61–2.56) | 0.54 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.61 (1.18–2.20) | 0.003 | 1.68 (1.19–2.37) | 0.003 | 1.34 (0.65–2.75) | 0.43 |
Dyslipidemia | |||||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.75–1.24) | 0.779 | 1.09 (0.83–1.44) | 0.522 | 0.58 (0.33–1.78) | 0.70 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.70–1.16) | 0.418 | 1.00 (0.75–1.32) | 0.982 | 0.89 (0.43–1.82) | 0.74 |
MetS (JIS) | |||||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.33 (0.99–1.79) | 0.057 | 1.47 (1.07–2.03) | 0.019 | 0.87 (0.43–1.78) | 0.70 |
Adjusted* OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.31 (0.97–1.76) | 0.075 | 1.43 (1.04–1.98) | 0.03 | 0.89 (0.43–1.82) | 0.74 |
MetS (JCCMS) | |||||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.76 (1.04–2.98) | 0.034 | 1.97 (1.13–3.45) | 0.018 | 1.01 (0.25–4.19) | 0.99 |
Adjusted* OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.64 (0.97–2.78) | 0.067 | 1.83 (1.04–3.21) | 0.036 | 0.94 (0.23–3.93) | 0.94 |
Osteoporosis | |||||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.77 (1.16–2.71) | 0.009 | 1.70 (1.05–2.76) | 0.032 | 2.03 (0.87–4.77) | 0.10 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.33 (0.83–2.14) | 0.243 | 1.24 (0.73–2.12) | 0.428 | 1.73 (0.64–4.68) | 0.28 |