Background
Methods
Results
Trends in DBC
Prevalence of diabetic complications
Observation Period | Study Site | Study Population | Prevalence of Complications | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Different Kind of Complications | |||
1980s [31] | 2 northern cities | 447 patients with diabetes | Proteinuria: 57.1%; Retinopathy: 47.4% | |
1986 [29] | 1 northern city (Da Qing Study) | 423 newly diagnosed patients with diabetes | Microaneurysms and/or small intraretinal haemorrhage: 15.4%; Soft exudates: 5.5%; Hard exudates:7.1%; Proliferative retinopathy: 2.3% | |
2001 [43] | 1 northern city (Beijing Eye Study) | 4439 inhabitants over 40 years old | Retinopathy: 6.5% | |
1998 and 2006 [24] | Throughout China (Diabcare Study) | 2246 diabetes patients in 1998 and 2702 in 2006 | Neuropathy & retinopathy: 84% in 1998 and 78% in 2006 | |
20 hospitals from 4 cities | 1524 T2D outpatients | 52.0% ≥1 | Macrovascular: 33.4%; Microvascular: 34.7%; Cardiovascular: 30.1%; Nephropathy:10.7%; Foot disease: 0.8%; Ocular lesions: 14.8%; Cerebrovascular conditions:6.8%; Neuropathy:17.8% | |
524 T2D inpatients | 90.7% ≥1; 80.0% ≥2 | |||
2007 [27] | 1 hospital in 1 middle city | 295 diabetes inpatients | 89.8% ≥1 | Peripheral neuropathy: 69.2%; Hyperlipidemia: 64.1%; Macrovascular: 8.16%; Microvascular: 30.27%; Both macrovascular and microvascular:51.36% |
2007–2008 [40] | 1 tertiary hospital | 489 diabetes inpatients | 86.3% ≥1; 46.7% ≥3 | |
2008–2009 [64] | 12 hospitals in 8 cities | 1193 T2D outpatients | Peripheral neuropathy:17.0% in the total population;18.3% in the known DM group and 6.4% in the new DM group | |
2009 [65] | City and village of Ningde Area | 5385 adult She ethnic minority | Cardiovascular: 7.4%; Liver dysfunction: 19.4%; Hyperuricemia: 6.2% | |
2009 [32] | 1 southern city | 471 diabetic residents | Retinopathy: 24.4% | |
2005–2010 [37] | 1 hospital in 1 middle-income city | 2010 general patients over 60 years old | Peripheral arterial disease: 24.1%; Retinopathy: 26.4%; Neuropathy: 20.8%; Macroangiopathy: 34.6%; | |
2000–2011 [39] | 105 hospitals across Guangdong province | 3173 T1D patients | Diabetic ketoacidosis: 50.1%; Retinopathy: 8.1%; Nephropathy: 20.7%; Neuropathy: 11.1% | |
2011–2012 [33] | 60 hospitals across Guangdong Province | 4616 T2D patients | Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: 31.8%(abdominal obesity), 28.4%(without abdominal obesity) and 10.2% (without obesity) | |
2011–2012 [34] | 62 hospitals across Guangdong Province | 2954 T2D outpatients with a BMI ≥25 | Stroke: 9.2%; Retinopathy: 20.9%; Nephropathy: 22.1%; Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: 31.6% | |
2005–2012 [42] | 1 southern city | 3301 T2D patients | Neuropathy: 19.4%; CKD: 27.1%; Albuminuria: 25.2% | |
2011–2012 [35] | 2 northern city (REACTION study) | 18,696 inhabitants over 40 years old (5126 with diagnosis of diabetes) | 88.8% ≥ 1, 53.2% ≥ 2 | |
2011–2013 [41] | 8 hospitals from 8 regions | 452 diabetic foot ulcer patients | Annual mortality: 14.4% | 31.6% new ulcers; Annual incidence of amputation: 5.1%; Nephropathy: 43.1%; Retinopathy: 40.9%; Cataracts: 13.3% |
881 diabetes mellitus patients | Annual mortality: 2.8% | 8.1% new ulcers; Annual incidence of ulceration: 8.1%; Nephropathy: 21.7%; Retinopathy: 24.9%; Cataracts: 8.5% |
Risk factors for diabetic complications
Awareness and services utilization
Economic burden associated with DB and DBC
Direct economic burden and effects on catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment
DR | DPN | Hypertension | CVD | DN | DFU | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# of patients | 533 | 1124 | 1078 | 593 | 242 | 347 |
# of patients with hospital admission | 24 | 33 | 13 | 35 | 16 | 1 |
Average direct medical expense (USD) | ||||||
Per OP visit | 61 | 62 | 65 | 65 | 80 | 59 |
Per hospital admission | 1092 | 2448 | 1764 | 3545 | 1858 | 825 |
Average annual direct medical expense (USD) | ||||||
Overall (per patient) | 2455 | 2451 | 2299 | 3074 | 3466 | 2459 |
OP visits (per patient) | 2389 | 2286 | 2250 | 2601 | 3220 | 2454 |
Hospital admissions (per patient) | 66 | 165 | 49 | 473 | 246 | 5 |
OOP payment rate (%) | 30.4 | 29.5 | 30.2 | 30.0 | 29.9 | 26.4 |