Background
Living in LTCFs under COVID-19 constraints: conceptual perspectives
Research goals and expectations
Methods
Identifying potentially relevant studies
Study selection and inclusion criteria
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Participants This scoping review was restricted to people aged ≥ 60 years living in a LTCF without SARS-CoV-2 infection. Studies were included where results were stratified by infection status. For the definition of LTCF we accepted all non-acute residential and nursing facilities that housed exclusively older adults and serve them with a specified and enduring form of care that may be needed at any time of day.
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Context During the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, wide-reaching contact restrictions for care facilities were implemented in most places in order to avoid spreading of the virus from the wider community to those most vulnerable. Restrictions ranged from reducing the number of visitors to limiting access to care facilities for those being employed in direct care. The extent of restrictions varied during the pandemic and by December 2020 the availability of vaccines rapidly changed management of contact restrictions in many places. Hence, this review only included studies reporting on consequences observed until the end of 2020.
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Concept The purpose of this review was to identify social, psychological, psychiatric, and other health consequences attributed to contact restrictions.
Charting the data
Collating, summarizing, and reporting the results
Results
Author (first) | Study period | Source of data | Outcome parameter(s) of interest | |
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Pandemic | Pre-pandemic | |||
Akhtar-Danesh et al. (2022) | 03/20–12/20 | 01/19–12/19 | RAI-MDS, laboratory results | Mortality rates |
Ali et al. (2022) | 01/20–12/21 | 01/19–12/19 | National Prescription Audit database | Prescription of antipsychotic drugs |
Angevaare et al. (2022) | 03/20–05/20 | 03/17–03/20 | interRAI data transferred to research database | Self-reported mood, observer-rated mood, withdrawal, aggressive behavior, sleep, body weight, delirium |
Arpacıoğlu et al. (2021) | 12/20 | Telephone interviews | Turkish death anxiety scale, Satisfaction with life scale, Depression, anxiety and stress scale-21 (DASS-21) | |
Barnett et al. (2022) | 01/20–11/20 | 01/18–11/18 and 01/19–11/19 | MDS, Medicare claims data | Mortality, ADLs, body weight, PHQ-9 |
Campitelli et al. (2021) | 03/01/20–09/26//20 | 2017–2019 | Administrative data and Ontario Drug Benefit database | Prescription of psychotropics, anticonvulsants, opioids, antibiotics, antihypertensive medication |
Chang et al. (2021) | 09/20 | Assessment by research personel | Self-rated health, leisure social support, flow, loneliness | |
Cheung et al. (2022) | 03/20–06/20 | 03/19–06/19 | interRAI | Self-rated health, ALDs, Cognitive Performance Scale, Depression Rating Scale, hospitalization |
Cornally et al. (2022) | 06/20 | Online-survey | Self-perceived health | |
Cortés Zamora et al. (2022) | 03/20–11/20 | Health records and assessment by on-site caregiver | Barthel Index, Functional Ambulation Classification | |
Danilovich et al. (2020) | 04/20 | 12/19 -03/20 | Care plan | Body Weight |
Davies-Abbott et al. (2021) | 07/20 | Interviews | Isolation, resilience, well-being and threat | |
Egeljić-Mihailović et al. (2022) | 03/20–04/20 | Self-assessment | GDS-15, Maastricht Social Participation Profile (MSPP) | |
El Haj et al. (2020) | 04/20 | Assessments by on-site caregiver | HADS | |
El Haj et al. (2020a) | 03/20–11/20 | Rating by on-site caregiver | Hallucination score (generic six-item questionnaire) | |
05/20–11/20 | Assessments by on-site caregiver | Depression (single-item question) | ||
El Haj et al. (2022) | 03/20–11/20 | Assessments by on-site caregiver | HADS and 1-item question on loneliness | |
El Haj and Gallouj 2022) | n.a | Assessments by on-site caregiver | HADS and 1-item question on loneliness | |
Gerlach et al. (2021) | 03/20–06/20 | 01/19–02/20 | MDS | Prescription of psychoactive medication |
Giebel et al. (2022) | 05/20–11/20 | Interviews | Well-being and health | |
03/20–12/20 | Assessment by on-site caregiver | Risk of depressive symptoms (generic instrument) | ||
Górski, Garbicz, et al. (2022) | 02/20–05/20 | Assessments by on-site caregiver | GDS-15 | |
Greco et al. (2021) | 06/20–07/20 | 10/19–12/19 | Case–control study within ongoing study | Handgrip strength, walking speed, Mini-Mental State Examination, Frail-NH scale |
Gustafsson, Fonseca-Rodríguez, et al. (2022) | 03/20–05/20 | 03/19–05/19 | Annual survey | Loneliness, self-rated health, worries and anxiety, indoor mobility limitations |
Gustafsson, Schröders, et al. (2022) | 02/20–05/20 | 02/19–05/19 | Annual survey | Loneliness, self-rated health, worries and anxiety, indoor mobility limitations |
Hindmarch et al. (2021) | 06/20–09/20 | Online survey, follow-up focus groups | Cognition and behavior | |
Ho et al. (2022) | 06/20–07/20 | Interviews | Loneliness | |
Hovey and Shropshire (2021) | 04/20–05/20 | Interviews | Well-being | |
Hua and Thomas (2021) | 06/20–01/21 | National Health and Aging Trends Study | Loneliness | |
Ickert et al. (2021) | 07/20–10/20 | Interviews | Well-being | |
Jones et al. (2022) | 03/20–12/20 | 03/18–12/18 and 03/19–12/19 | Administrative data, hospital information systems | Characteristics, in-hospital care, and outcomes for admissions to general medicine wards for non-COVID-19 reasons |
Kaelen et al. (2021) | 06/20 | Focus group interviews | Well-being | |
Kiyoshi-Teo et al. (2022) | 05/20 | Interviews and paper–pencil surveys | Perception of fall risks, worry about falling, well-being | |
Koopmans et al. (2022) | 05/20 | Online survey and telephone interviews | Well-being | |
Leontjevas et al. (2021) | 04/20–07/20 | Online survey and interviews | Challenging behavior | |
Levere et al. (2021) | 03/20–07/20 | Minimum Data Set | Depressive symptoms, body weight, pressure ulcer, incontinence, Cognitive Functioning Scale | |
Li et al. (2022) | 06/20–09/20 | Administrative data | Non-COVID-19 related deaths | |
Lombardo et al. (2020) | 03/20–04/20 | Online survey | Use of physical restraint measures, use of psychoactive drugs, adverse events | |
Martinchek et al. (2021) | 03/20–05/20 | Medical records | Body weight | |
McArthur et al. (2021) | 03/20–06/20 | 01/17–03/20 | interRai | Depression, delirium, behavioral problems |
Nair et al. (2021) | 06/20–08/20 | n.a | GDS- 30, Beck’s Anxiety Inventory, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support | |
Nash et al. (2021) | 09/20–10/20 | Online survey | Well-being | |
Paananen et al. (2021) | 05/20–12/20 | Face-to-face interviews | Well-being | |
Pereiro et al. (2021) | 07/20–09/20 | 12/18–03/20 | Health records | GDS-15, Barthel Index, Clinical Dementia Rating |
Pirhonen et al. (2022) | 05/20 -06/20 | Online survey | Well-being | |
Plangger et al. (2022) | 03/20–07/20 | 11/19–02/19 | Assessments by researcher | MMSE, GDS-15, Beck-Angst-Inventar, QoL |
Rohner et al. (2022) | 08/20–09/20 | Assessments by researcher | Loneliness, social isolation | |
Savage et al. (2022) | 03/20–09/20 | Public administrative data | Non-COVID-19 mortality | |
Schweighart et al. (2021) | 12/20 | Interviews | Well-being | |
Shum et al. (2020) | 01/20–05/20 | 01/19–05/19 | Medical records | Admission to acute medical ward due to poor oral intake |
Sizoo et al. (2020) | 04/20–05/20 | Online survey | Well-being | |
Sizoo et al. (2022) | 05/20–08/20 | 02/20–04/20 | Health records and direct assessment by ECP | Neuropsychiatric symptoms, psychotropic drug use |
Srifuengfung et al. (2021) | 08/20–10/20 | Assessments by on-site caregiver | Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-17), PHQ-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) | |
Staempfli et al. (2022) | 10/20–12/20 | Interviews | Well-being | |
Stall et al. (2021) | 03/20–09/20 | 04/18–02/20 | Drug benefit database | Prescription of psychotropic drugs |
Stevenson et al. (2022) | 04/20–08/20 | 01/19–02/20 | Retail pharmacy data | Prescription of antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, opioids, muscle relaxants, mood stabilizers |
Sweeney et al. (2022) | 06/20–12/20 | Online-survey and interviews | Well-being | |
Tan et al. (2022) | 2020 | 2019 | Medical records | Admission to hospital for Non-COVID diseases |
Thomas et al. (2022) | 09/20–12/20 | Interviews | Well-being | |
Van der Roest et al. (2020) | 04/20–05/20 | Online survey | Loneliness (1 item), Mental Health Inventory 5-index | |
Wammes et al. (2020) | 04/20–05/20 | Online survey | Well-being | |
Yan et al. (2023) | 01/17–12/20 | MDS | Use of antipsychotics |