Assessing the pharmaceutical care provision to suspected COVID-19 patients in community pharmacies: a simulated patient study

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare systems around the world have been placed under extreme pressure [1]. The level of preparedness of these systems largely determines the social vulnerability to the spreading of the infection and the capacity for infection control [2]. Developed countries such as the United States, Canada, China, United Kingdom, and Germany have effectively and promptly adapted and responded to their new portfolios by leveraging a wide range of quality pharmaceutical care services [3, 4]. According to the definition developed by Hepler and Strand, pharmaceutical care is “the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life” and it “involves the process through which a pharmacist co-operates with a patient and other professionals in designing, implementing and monitoring a therapeutic plan that will produce specific therapeutic outcomes for the patient” [5]. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the pharmaceutical care services include raising public awareness by providing guidance on preventive measures to minimize the risk of transmission, triaging patients with COVID-19, ensuring a safe supply of COVID-19 vaccines, educating patients about the infection through various media including telehealth services, clarifying misconceptions about COVID-19 treatment development, updating drug formularies, and addressing drug shortages [6].

However, developing countries, particularly those with economic challenges and vulnerable healthcare systems, may have failed to align with the sudden rise of the health care demands [6]. Accordingly, these countries may not be able to adopt the recommended international COVID-19 response strategies to flatten the infection-rate curve [7]. In Lebanon, for example, the pandemic occurred concurrently with a time of particular social and economic turmoil that drained the resources of the healthcare system [6, 8]. Although Lebanon has traditionally been considered to have a relatively robust healthcare system, medical and pharmaceutical services are currently under tremendous pressure.

Community pharmacists (CPs) are among the scarce healthcare personnel who remain reachable in person for patients, although CPs may struggle with limited personal protective equipment (PPE) [9, 10]. CPs remained in the frontline with their pharmacies opened round the clock even during lockdowns [11]. Thus, they were the most accessible and affordable healthcare providers in the pandemic [12, 13]. CPs are uniquely placed to provide services for patients with suspected COVID-19. As such, patients primarily seek medical advice from CPs, who provide consultations free of charge [14, 15]. This situation raised concerns about the preparedness of CPs in facing these challenges solely.

By December 2020, in the wake of the dramatic increase of COVID-19 cases, the Lebanese government declared a public mobilization to close the borders, with a complete lockdown of non-essential services. Flights were canceled and banned to countries with the exponential increase of COVID-19 cases, public transportation was shut down, as well as schools and universities closed their doors [16, 17]. Moreover, the Lebanese healthcare system became saturated as hospitals were unable to attend all COVID-19 patients who required medical care. In the midst of this situation, community pharmacists were available in providing services for patients with suspected COVID-19, especially because there were limited resources available for free screening offered by the government [15, 18]. Many patients primarily sought medical advice from community pharmacists, who provide consultations free of charge [15]. Therefore, in response to this high flow of patients’ visits to community pharmacies, this study was conducted during the second wave of COVID-19, between January and February 2021.

At the time of writing this manuscript, most studies that evaluated the quality of pharmaceutical care services in response to COVID-19 were self-administered questionnaires that are prone to bias and do not reflect the actual behavior of pharmacy staff [15, 19, 20]. However, a recent study from Saudi Arabia, conducted at the beginning of the outbreak using the simulated client technique, has reflected a low level of community pharmacy preparedness for COVID-19 regarding the availability and quality of PPE, health promotional services, and counseling against the outbreak [21]. The use of a simulated patient (SP) methodology has substantially increased in the field of pharmacy practice for the past decade [22]. This method is utilized to evaluate the performance of community pharmacists, assess the quality of pharmaceutical services, and evaluate the impact of interventions [22, 23]. The SP studies reveal the actual pharmacists’ behavior because they are not aware they are being evaluated [22, 24]. Accordingly, the current study aimed to assess the appropriateness of pharmaceutical care provided by Lebanese CPs to patients with suspected COVID-19 and to investigate their communication skills using the SP technique.

One hundred pharmacies were included in the study. The SP’s identity was revealed in one pharmacy that was replaced by the next one from the reserve list. The mean duration of the visits was 1.98 ± 0.91 min (ranging from 1 to 5 min). Table 1 summarizes the observations found by the SP.

While several studies had previously investigated the quality of pharmaceutical care in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, most of them used self-administered questionnaires that are usually susceptible to social desirability bias [32, 33]. At the time of writing, this study was the first to use the simulated patient approach to effectively address the pharmaceutical care provided to suspected COVID-19 cases by Lebanese CPs. The findings showed that participants had an overall unsatisfactory level of preparedness in response to a suspected COVID-19 case. Alarmingly, 56% of these pharmacists did not retrieve any relevant information to assess the patient’s condition, although the Centers for Disease and Prevention Center (CDC) and the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) have issued guidelines for primary healthcare providers to assist them in responding to the COVID-19 outbreak [4, 34, 35]. The current study has revealed a suboptimal provision of pharmaceutical care services, which is in line with several SP studies that explored community pharmacists’ performance and yielded an unsatisfactory assessment, recommendation, and counseling offered to patients [30, 36‐38].

In this study, the pharmacists’ response was limited to one to two recommendations, with the majority of them recommending the patient to do the PCR test, which is considered the gold standard recommendation for this patient’s condition [39]. However, only 7% instructed the patient to isolate herself for 14 days. Other inappropriate recommendations made by the CPs included confirmation that the patient had COVID-19 without prior testing, informing the patient that the PCR test is not mandatory, assuring the patient is not infected with COVID-19 and prescribing either an antimicrobial drug or dietary supplements. Despite the controversy about the benefits of dietary supplements in treating or preventing COVID-19 infection [40‐43], some encountered pharmacists claimed that dietary supplements are essential to boost the patient’s immunity. Thus, exposing the patient to falsified hyperbolic health claims, lacking rigorous evidence to support their efficacy.

Inappropriate counseling can be viewed as an ethical dispute, where some pharmacists demonstrate their preference for financial gain while violating the patient’s beneficence. This malpractice possesses significant consequences on the patient’s health, profession, reputation, and also the healthcare system [44, 45]. Studies have shown that pharmacists, who provided quality pharmaceutical services, had clarified the misunderstandings about COVID-19, improved patient’s health outcomes, reduced the risk for severe disease, prevented virus transmission, and subsequently decreased healthcare expenditures [34, 46]. Furthermore, proper counseling not only ensured a reduction in medication errors but also improved the patient’s compliance with therapy, self-management, and rebuilt the patient’s confidence in overcoming the disease [47].

The current study reflected a low level of Lebanese CPs’ awareness in adopting the international guidelines. This could be explained by the fact that the Lebanese CPs did not receive any official continuing professional development (CPD) training related to COVID-19. Defined by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), CPE is a “structured educational activity designed or intended to support the continuing development of pharmacists and/or pharmacy technicians to maintain and enhance their competence” [48]. On the other hand, in several countries, community pharmacies have received guidance and support to prepare their staff for the outbreak [4, 49, 50]. Such responses can be used to create regional guidance for pharmacists based on local demands and resources. For example, the Chinese pharmacists’ experience was quite effective in directing and organizing pharmacists’ roles during the COVID-19 pandemic after the prompt release of national and international guidelines [51, 52]. However, in Lebanon, this may not be easy, since the provision of patient care in community pharmacies has historically been plagued by many shortcomings [53]. First, there is a lack of attention at the government level, where the role of the private health sector has often been neglected by national health authorities [32]. This is also applicable to many low to middle-income countries where community pharmacies have been considered as commercial entities instead of healthcare settings, and pharmacists have been perceived as ordinary health workers rather than frontline healthcare professionals [53, 54]. Second, pharmacists have stepped up further responsibilities in the face of the COVID-19 outbreak with a lack of financial incentives [12, 54]. The Lebanese currency lost more than 80% of its value, which in turn affected pharmacists’ income, influencing pharmacists’ motivation and job satisfaction for providing quality pharmaceutical services [18, 55]. Third, pharmacists were placed in a position of combating the pandemic without proper training, thus resulting in inefficient work and low-quality services [3, 53].

Another issue of concern was the pharmacists’ communication with a suspected COVID-19 patient. Our results have shown that non-optimal, ineffective communication was of appreciable concern. These findings were inconsistent with previous SP studies that revealed that the pharmacists’ general communication skills were below expectations [30, 36‐38]. Effective communication is a vital component in pharmacists’ daily practice to optimize patient-centered health outcomes. CPs who practice effective communication are more likely to ultimately assess patients’ medical conditions, address their needs, hence improving patients’ confidence and trust in the pharmacy profession [44]. This study highlights the urge for stronger and deeper pharmacist-patient communication with more practical guidance on how to deal with pandemic-related issues.

Community pharmacists around the world are considered frontline fighters against the COVID-19 pandemic. They are involved in several activities to free up specialized healthcare providers to deal with more serious conditions. This study, however, has revealed an evident unsatisfactory and suboptimal provision of pharmaceutical care to COVID-19 suspects. Moreover, the Lebanese CPs’ communication skills with patients were below expectations. Intensive training for facing the COVID-19 pandemic must be included in the pharmacy curriculum and must be offered to currently practicing pharmacists in Lebanon. Researchers should be engaged in studies with a stronger methodological rigor to thoroughly investigate pharmacists’ intervention, guidance, and support during the pandemic.