Introduction
Methods
Study design, participants and setting
Measurement
Categorisation of variables
Statistical analysis
Results
General description
Management of COVID-19
Characteristics of COVID-19 wave 1 and wave 2, with reference to pre-pandemic period
Pre-pandemic period | Pandemic period | Group differences | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All causes (n = 10,173) | Other causes (n = 11,019) | COVID-19 wave 1 (n = 349) | COVID-19 wave 2 (n = 1103) | χ2 | P | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Age on admission (yr) | ||||||||||
18–39 | 1205 | 11.8 | 1188 | 10.8 | 22 | 6.3 | 101 | 9.2 | 87 | < 0.001 |
40–59 | 1989 | 19.6 | 2292 | 20.8 | 86 | 24.6 | 331 | 30.0 | ||
60–79 | 3342 | 32.9 | 3708 | 33.7 | 119 | 34.1 | 350 | 31.7 | ||
≥ 80 | 3637 | 35.8 | 3831 | 34.8 | 122 | 35.0 | 321 | 29.1 | ||
Sex | ||||||||||
Men | 4854 | 47.7 | 5229 | 47.5 | 201 | 57.6 | 649 | 58.8 | 66 | < 0.001 |
Women | 5319 | 52.3 | 5790 | 52.5 | 148 | 42.4 | 454 | 41.2 | ||
LACE index ≥ 10 | 38.8 | 39.4 | 61.3 | 50.3 | 123 | < 0.001 | ||||
ICD code | ||||||||||
U07.1 | – | – | – | – | 349 | 100 | 961 | 87.1 | 50 | < 0.001 |
U07.2 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 142 | 12.9† | ||
Mortality | ||||||||||
In hospital | 772 | 7.6 | 862 | 6.0 | 114 | 32.7 | 242 | 21.9 | 648 | < 0.001 |
Within 30 days of discharge | 436 | 4.6 | 419 | 4.0 | 14 | 6.0 | 18 | 2.1 | 16.1 | 0.005 |
Readmissions | ||||||||||
Single readmission | 936 | 9.2 | 853 | 7.7 | 32 | 9.2 | 105 | 9.5 | 20.0 | 0.003 |
≥ 2 readmissions | 299 | 2.9 | 281 | 2.6 | 9 | 2.6 | 29 | 2.6 |
Length of stay in hospital
Mortality
Logistic regression | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1: unadjusted | Model 2: adjusted for age and sex | |||||
OR | 95%CI | P | OR | 95%CI | P | |
In-patient mortality | ||||||
Pre-pandemic period (reference) | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
Pandemic period: other causes | 0.78 | 0.70–0.87 | < 0.001 | 0.78 | 0.70–0.87 | < 0.001 |
Pandemic period: wave 1 | 5.91 | 4.67–7.48 | < 0.001 | 6.87 | 5.33–8.87 | < 0.001 |
Pandemic period: wave 2 | 3.42 | 2.92–4.02 | < 0.001 | 4.35 | 3.66–5.16 | < 0.001 |
Mortality within 30 days | ||||||
Pre-pandemic period (reference) | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
Pandemic period: other causes | 0.87 | 0.76–0.99 | 0.041 | 0.86 | 0.75–0.99 | 0.040 |
Pandemic period: wave 1 | 1.30 | 0.75–2.26 | 0.345 | 1.63 | 0.93–2.85 | 0.090 |
Pandemic period: wave 2 | 0.44 | 0.27–0.71 | 0.001 | 0.57 | 0.35–0.92 | 0.021 |
Logistic regression | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1: unadjusted | Model 2: adjusted for age and sex | |||||
OR | 95%CI | P | OR | 95%CI | P | |
In-patient mortality | ||||||
Wave 2 (reference) | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
Wave 1 | 1.73 | 1.32–2.25 | < 0.001 | 1.58 | 1.18–2.12 | < 0.001 |
Mortality within 30 days | ||||||
Wave 2 (reference) | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
Wave 1 | 2.97 | 1.45–6.06 | < 0.001 | 2.91 | 1.40–6.04 | < 0.001 |