Introduction
Objectives
Methods
Study design
Setting
Participants
Variables
Construction of the questionnaire
Data sources/measurements
Data quality and bias
Sample size
Statistical methods
Results
Participants and migratory backgrounds
Migratory background | Test | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||||
n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | |||
Your sex | ||||||
Female | 130 | 37.4 | 44 | 61.1 | 13.542# | 0.001 |
Male | 216 | 62.1 | 28 | 38.9 | ||
Other | 2 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | ||
Your age (years) | 39.3 | 12.6 | 56 | 20.2 | 6.476$ | < 0.001 |
Total years of schooling | 13.1 | 4.5 | 12.6 | 3.4 | 1.411$ | 0.158 |
Did you have the COVID-19 infection? | ||||||
Yes | 59 | 18.7 | 8 | 12.5 | 1.395* | 0.237 |
No | 257 | 81.3 | 56 | 87.5 | ||
Which language do you prefer? | ||||||
Turkish | 245 | 70.4 | 0 | 0 | 121.655* | < 0.001 |
German | 103 | 29.6 | 72 | 100 | ||
Which nationality do you have? | ||||||
Turkish | 197 | 57.9 | ||||
German | 90 | 26.5 | 72 | 100 | ||
Bulgarian | 26 | 7.6 | ||||
Other | 27 | 7.9 | ||||
What is your country of origin | ||||||
Turkey | 263 | 76.5 | ||||
Germany | 12 | 3.5 | 72 | 100 | ||
Bulgaria | 28 | 8.1 | ||||
Other | 41 | 11.9 | ||||
What is your native language | ||||||
Turkish | 263 | 77.8 | ||||
German | 19 | 5.6 | 72 | 100 | ||
Bulgarian | 12 | 3.6 | ||||
Kurdish | 13 | 3.8 | ||||
Arabic | 8 | 2.4 | ||||
Other | 23 | 6.8 | ||||
Where have you been born? | ||||||
Turkey | 207 | 60.7 | ||||
Germany | 71 | 20.8 | 72 | 100 | ||
Bulgaria | 25 | 7.3 | ||||
Iraq | 9 | 2.6 | ||||
Other | 29 | 8.5 |
Descriptive findings and outcomes
Subscale 1: COVID-19 knowledge | Correct n (%) | False n (%) |
---|---|---|
1. The cause of the Corona-infection a virus | 353 (87.4) | 51 (12.6) |
2. How COVID-19 spreads is not known | 287 (69.5) | 126 (30.5) |
3. COVID-19 can spread through the air in enclosed spaces | 388 (93.3) | 28 (6.7) |
4. COVID-19 can spread through close contact (e.g. hugging) | 394 (93.8) | 26 (6.2) |
5. COVID-19 can spread through sexual contact | 242 (59.9) | 162 (40.1) |
6. COVID-19 is often transmitted through food | 333 (80.2) | 82 (19.8) |
Which of the following measures can reduce the risk of transmitting COVID-19? | 408 (96.5) | 15 (3.5) |
7. Washing hands after touching potentially infected surfaces | 412 (97.4) | 11 (2.6) |
8. Wearing a face mask when entering crowds | 368 (90.2) | 40 (9.8) |
9. Taking antibiotics | 335 (80.5) | 81 (19.5) |
10. Drinking vinegar | 363 (87.5) | 52 (12.5) |
11. Drinking carrot juice | 405 (96) | 17 (4) |
12. Keeping a distance of 1.5 m from people | 400 (95.7) | 18 (4.3) |
13. Lubricate butter in the nostrils | 311 (75.1) | 103 (24.9) |
14. Eating garlic | 222 (54.8) | 183 (45.2) |
15. The use of the Corona app | 401 (94.8) | 22 (5.2) |
16. Frequent ventilation when in the same room with others | 374 (88.6) | 48 (11.4) |
17. Avoiding closed rooms with strangers | 397 (94.3) | 24 (5.7) |
18. Avoiding crowds | 382 (91) | 38 (9) |
19. Drinking holy water | 394 (94.3) | 24 (5.7) |
Which of the following symptoms are common in COVID-19? | 407 (96.9) | 13 (3.1) |
20. Cough | 363 (89.4) | 43 (10.6) |
21. Fever | 395 (96.8) | 13 (3.2) |
22. Dysuria | 387 (95.3) | 19 (4.7) |
23. Increased appetite | 391 (93.8) | 26 (6.2) |
24. Weight gain | 287 (69.5) | 126 (30.5) |
25. Loss of taste and smell | 388 (93.3) | 28 (6.7) |
Subscale 2: COVID-19 attitude 5-Agree, 4-Partially agree, 3-Not sure, 2-Partially disagree, 1-Disagree | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|
1. COVID-19 is dangerous | 4.47 | 1.04 |
2. In reality, COVID-19 does not exist | 1.63 | 1.24 |
3. The danger of COVID-19 is exaggerated | 2.42 | 1.52 |
4. I am afraid of dying if I should get COVID-19 | 2.50 | 1.45 |
5. Believers are protected from COVID-19 | 1.47 | 1.12 |
6. COVID-19 was created purposely to control the world | 2.47 | 1.50 |
7. Vaccination against COVID-19 is safe | 3.19 | 1.29 |
Subscale 3: COVID-19 behavior 1-Never, 2-Very rare, 3-Off and on, 4-Frequent, 5-Very frequent | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|
1. How often do you wash your hands? | 4.38 | 0.64 |
2. How often do you wear a mask when you are outside? | 4.19 | 0.90 |
3. How much attention do you pay to keeping distance? | 4.16 | 0.88 |
4. How often do you accept guests? | 2.13 | 0.88 |
5. How often do you go visiting others? | 1.82 | 0.91 |
6. How often do you enter crowded places? | 2.05 | 0.91 |
7. How often do you use public transport? | 2.27 | 1.23 |
Yes n (%) | No n (%) | Not sure n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Have you already been vaccinated against COVID-19? | 23 (5.5) | 397 (94.5) | |
Will you get vaccinated against COVID-19? | 198 (47.8) | 77 (18.6) | 139 (33.6) |
Why? Can you please elaborate? |
Migratory background | Test | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 348) | No (n = 72) | Total (n = 420) | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Have you already been vaccinated against COVID-19? | ||||||||
Yes | 16 | 4.6 | 7 | 9.7 | 23 | 5.5 | 3.027# | 0.091 |
No | 332 | 95.4 | 65 | 90.3 | 397 | 94.5 | ||
Will you get vaccinated against COVID-19? | ||||||||
Yes | 145 | 42.3 | 52 | 76.5 | 197 | 47.9 | 26.818* | < 0.001 |
No | 70 | 20.4 | 7 | 10.3 | 77 | 18.7 | ||
Not sure | 128 | 37.3 | 9 | 13.2 | 137 | 33.3 |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge score | 21.2 | 3.4 | 23.3 | 1.7 | 21.6 | 3.2 | 5.660$ | < 0.001 |
Attitude score | 3.6 | 0.8 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 3.7 | 0.8 | 5.317$ | < 0.001 |
Behavior score | 4.0 | 0.6 | 4.3 | 0.5 | 4.1 | 0.6 | 3.715& | < 0.001 |
Multivariable analyses
Univariate comparisons | Multiple logistic regression model | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | Wald | p | OR | 95% CI | B | Wald | p | OR | 95% CI | |||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||||||||||
Age (years) | 37.7 | 13.5 | 46.5 | 15.8 | 30.745 | < 0.001 | 1.042 | 1.027 | 1.057 | 0.022 | 4.459 | 0.035 | 1.022 | 1.002 | 1.042 |
Sex (male) | 112 | 46.3 | 130 | 53.7 | 8.608 | 0.003 | 1.817 | 1.219 | 2.707 | 0.782 | 8.256 | 0.004 | 2.185 | 1.282 | 3.725 |
Total years of schooling | 12.3 | 4.1 | 13.7 | 4.5 | 10.9 | 0.001 | 1.086 | 1.034 | 1.14 | 0.062 | 3.582 | 0.058 | 1.064 | 0.998 | 1.134 |
Migratory background (no) | 16 | 23.5 | 52 | 76.5 | 23.705 | < 0.001 | 4.438 | 2.436 | 8.085 | 1.125 | 6.767 | 0.009 | 3.082 | 1.32 | 1.195 |
Was infected with COVID-19 (no) | 150 | 48.2 | 161 | 51.8 | 4.446 | 0.035 | 1.813 | 1.043 | 3.152 | 0.472 | 2.003 | 0.157 | 1.603 | 0.834 | |
Knowledge score | 20.9 | 3.5 | 22.1 | 2.8 | 11.525 | 0.001 | 1.121 | 1.049 | 1.192 | -0.029 | 0.364 | 0.546 | 0.971 | 0.883 | 1.068 |
Attitude score | 3.4 | 0.8 | 4.1 | 0.6 | 62.542 | < 0.001 | 3.762 | 2.709 | 5.224 | 1.057 | 23.393 | < 0.001 | 2.877 | 1.875 | 4.414 |
Behavior score | 3.9 | 0.6 | 4.2 | 0.4 | 26.018 | < 0.001 | 2.841 | 1.902 | 4.243 | 0.296 | 1.111 | 0.292 | 1.344 | 0.776 | 2.33 |
Constant | -6.117 | 19.508 | < 0.001 |