nach oben

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases

Erschienen in:

07.07.2020 | COVID-19 | Review Zur Zeit gratis

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: an update of current literature

verfasst von: Kishan P. Patel, Srinivas R. Vunnam, Puja A. Patel, Kaleigh L. Krill, Parker M. Korbitz, John P. Gallagher, Jane E. Suh, Rama R. Vunnam

Erschienen in: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases | Ausgabe 11/2020

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent for the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, has caused a public health emergency. The need for additional research in viral pathogenesis is essential as the number of cases and deaths rise. Understanding the virus and its ability to cause disease has been the main focus of current literature; however, there is much unknown. Studies have revealed new findings related to the full transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2 and its subsequent ability to cause infection by different means. The virus is hypothesized to be of increased virulence compared with previous coronavirus that caused epidemics, in part due to its overall structural integrity and resilience to inactivation. To date, many studies have discussed that the rationale behind its transmission potential is that viral RNA has unexpectedly been detected in multiple bodily fluids, with some samples having remained positive for extended periods of time. Additionally, the receptor by which the virus gains cellular entry, ACE2, has been found to be expressed in different human body systems, thereby potentiating its infection in those locations. In this evidence-based comprehensive review, we discuss various potential routes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2—respiratory/droplet, indirect, fecal-oral, vertical, sexual, and ocular. Understanding these different routes is important as they pertain to clinical practice, especially in taking preventative measures to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Guo Y-R, Cao Q-D, Hong Z-S et al (2020) The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Military Med Res 7(1):11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0CrossRef

World Health Organization. (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) situation report – 108

Inglesby TV (2020) Public health measures and the reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2. JAMA 323(21):2186–2187. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.7878CrossRefPubMed

Goh GK-M, Dunker AK, Foster JA et al (2020) Shell disorder analysis predicts greater resilience of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) outside the body and in body fluids. Microb Pathog 144:104177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104177CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH et al (2020) Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med 382(16):1564–1567. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2004973CrossRefPubMed

Chin AWH, Chu JTS, Perera MRA et al Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. Lancet Microbe. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30003-3

Liu Z, Xiao X, Wei X et al (2020) Composition and divergence of coronavirus spike proteins and host ACE2 receptors predict potential intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 92(6):595–601. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25726CrossRefPubMed

Stopsack KH, Mucci LA, Antonarakis ES et al (2020) TMPRSS2 and COVID-19: serendipity or opportunity for intervention? Cancer Discov. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.Cd-20-0451

Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U et al (2020) Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host-virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci 11(7):995–998. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00122CrossRefPubMed

10.

Zhang H, Li HB, Lyu JR et al (2020) Specific ACE2 expression in small intestinal enterocytes may cause gastrointestinal symptoms and injury after 2019-nCoV infection. Int J Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.027

11.

Sama IE et al (2020) Circulating plasma concentrations of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in men and women with heart failure and effects of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone inhibitors. Eur Heart J 41(19):1810–1817. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa373CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R et al (2020) Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3786

13.

Peng, L., Liu, J., Xu, W., et al. (2020). 2019 novel coronavirus can be detected in urine, blood, anal swabs and oropharyngeal swabs samples. medRxiv, 2020.2002.2021.20026179. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.21.20026179

14.

Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J et al (2020) A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis 94:55–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.062CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Nathan N, Prevost B, Corvol HAtypical presentation of COVID-19 in young infants. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30980-6

16.

Jiufeng S, Jianpeng X, Ruilin S, Xi T, Chumin L, Huifang L, ... Changwen K (2020) Prolonged persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in body fluids. Emerg Infect Dis J, 26(8). https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.201097

17.

Fei X, Jing S, Yonghao X et al (2020) Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in feces of patient with severe COVID-19. Emerg Infect Dis J 26(8). https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.200681

18.

Wu Y-C, Chen C-S, Chan Y-J (2020) The outbreak of COVID-19: an overview. J Chin Med Assoc 83(3):217–220. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000270CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Wu Z, McGoogan JM (2020) Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 323(13):1239–1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648CrossRefPubMed

20.

Jiaye L, Xuejiao L, Shen Q et al (2020) Community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Shenzhen, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis J 26(6). https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200239

21.

Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN (2020) The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun 109:102433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Anderson EL, Turnham P, Griffin JR, Clarke CC (2020) Consideration of the aerosol transmission for COVID-19 and public health. Risk Anal 40(5):902–907. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13500CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations: scientific brief, 27 March 2020. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331601

24.

Qu G, Li X, Hu L et al (2020) An imperative need for research on the role of environmental factors in transmission of novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Environ Sci Technol 54(7):3730–3732. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01102CrossRefPubMed

25.

Ong SWX, Tan YK, Chia PY et al (2020) Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient. JAMA 323(16):1610–1612. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3227CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Liu Y, Ning Z, Chen Y et al (2020) Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3

27.

Cai J, Sun W, Huang J et al (2020) Indirect virus transmission in cluster of COVID-19 cases, Wenzhou, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 26(6). https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200412

28.

Moriarty LF, Plucinski MM, Marston BJ, et al. Public health responses to COVID-19 outbreaks on cruise ships — worldwide, February–March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:347–352. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6912e3

29.

Santarpia, J. L., Rivera, D. N., Herrera, V., et al. (2020). Transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2 in viral shedding observed at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. medRxiv, 2020.2003.2023.20039446. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.23.20039446

30.

Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Okamura T, Shimizu Y et al (2019) TMPRSS2 contributes to virus spread and immunopathology in the airways of murine models after coronavirus infection. J Virol 93(6):e01815–e01818. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01815-18CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Jiang X, Luo M, Zou Z et al (2020) Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected case with viral detection positive in stool but negative in nasopharyngeal samples lasts for 42 days. J Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25941

32.

Zhang T, Cui X, Zhao X et al (2020) Detectable SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in feces of three children during recovery period of COVID-19 pneumonia. J Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25795

33.

Liu J, Xiao Y, Shen Y et al (2020) Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR in anal from patients who have recovered from coronavirus disease 2019. J Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25875

34.

Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhu S et al (2020) Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a stool specimen of a laboratory-confirmed case of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)[J]. China CDC Weekly 2(8):123–124. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2020.033CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Yeo C, Kaushal S, Yeo D (2020) Enteric involvement of coronaviruses: is faecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 possible? Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 5(4):335–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30048-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Ahmed W, Angel N, Edson J et al (2020) First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: a proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community. Sci Total Environ 728:138764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138764CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Kimberlin DW, Stagno S (2020) Can SARS-CoV-2 infection be acquired in utero?: more definitive evidence is needed. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4868

38.

Dong L, Tian J, He S et al (2020) Possible vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from an infected mother to her newborn. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4621

39.

Zeng H, Xu C, Fan J et al (2020) Antibodies in infants born to mothers with COVID-19 pneumonia. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4861

40.

Parazzini F, Bortolus R, Mauri PA et al (2020) Delivery in pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2: a fast review. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13166

41.

Karimi-Zarchi, M., Neamatzadeh, H., Dastgheib, S. A., et al. (2020). Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) from infected pregnant mothers to neonates: a review. Fetal Pediatr Pathol, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/15513815.2020.1747120

42.

Zamaniyan M, Ebadi A, Mir SA et al (2020) Preterm delivery in pregnant woman with critical COVID −19 pneumonia and vertical transmission. Prenat Diagn. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.5713

43.

Chen H, Guo J, Wang C et al (2020) Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet 395(10226):809–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30360-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Wang S, Guo L, Chen L et al (2020) A case report of neonatal COVID-19 infection in China. Clin Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa225

45.

Zhu H, Wang L, Fang C et al (2020) Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Transl Pediatr 9(1):51–60. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2020.02.06CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Baud D, Greub G, Favre G et al (2020) Second-trimester miscarriage in a pregnant woman with SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.7233

47.

Pan F, Xiao X, Guo J et al (2020) No evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen of males recovering from COVID-19. Fertil Steril. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.024

48.

Li D, Jin M, Bao P, Zhao W, Zhang S (2020) Clinical characteristics and results of semen tests among men with coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open 3(5):e208292–e208292. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8292CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

49.

To, K. K.-W., Tsang, O. T.-Y., Chik-Yan Yip, C., et al. (2020). Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clinical infectious Dis ciaa149. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa149

50.

Chen, L., Liu, M., Zhang, Z., et al. (2020). Ocular manifestations of a hospitalised patient with confirmed 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Br J Ophthalmol, bjophthalmol-2020-316304. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316304

51.

Wu P, Duan F, Luo C et al (2020) Characteristics of ocular findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Ophthalmol. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291

52.

Colavita F, Lapa D, Carletti F et al (2020) SARS-CoV-2 isolation from ocular secretions of a patient with COVID-19 in Italy with prolonged viral RNA detection. Ann Intern Med. https://doi.org/10.7326/m20-1176

53.

Important coronavirus updates for ophthalmologists. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.aao.org/headline/alert-important-coronavirus-context

54.

Seah IYJ, Anderson DE, Kang AEZ et al (2020) Assessing viral shedding and infectivity of tears in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Ophthalmology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.03.026

55.

Sun, X., Zhang, X., Chen, X., et al. (2020). The infection evidence of SARS-COV-2 in ocular surface: a single-center cross-sectional study. medRxiv, doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.26.20027938

56.

Zhou, Y., Zeng, Y., Tong, Y., & Chen, C. (2020). Ophthalmologic evidence against the interpersonal transmission of 2019 novel coronavirus through conjunctiva. medRxiv, doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.11.20021956

Titel: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: an update of current literature
verfasst von: Kishan P. Patel
Srinivas R. Vunnam
Puja A. Patel
Kaleigh L. Krill
Parker M. Korbitz
John P. Gallagher
Jane E. Suh
Rama R. Vunnam
Publikationsdatum: 07.07.2020
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Schlagwörter: COVID-19
Diagnostik in der Infektiologie
Erschienen in: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases / Ausgabe 11/2020
Print ISSN: 0934-9723
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-4373
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03961-1

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

25.04.2024 | Hypotonie | Nachrichten

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: an update of current literature

Abstract

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

Update Innere Medizin

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2020

Is Porphyromonas gingivalis involved in Parkinson’s disease?

Detection of anti-Pneumocystis jirovecii antibodies in human serum using a recombinant synthetic multi-epitope kexin-based antigen

Decreased duration of intravenous cephalosporins in intensive care unit patients with selective digestive decontamination: a retrospective before-and-after study

Antibiotic modification versus withhold in febrile patients without evidence of bacterial infection, unresponsive to initial empiric regimen: a multicentre retrospective study conducted in Israel

A comparison of daptomycin alone and in combination with ceftaroline fosamil for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia complicated by septic pulmonary emboli

Urinary tract infection and antibiotic use around ureteral stent insertion for urolithiasis

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

Update Innere Medizin