Introduction
Methods
Cohort description
Patient and public involvement
Results
Teaching hospitals (n = 4653) | Community hospitals (n = 1462) | Transfer (n = 293) | P-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, (mean, SD), year | 61.4 (18.0) | 69.7 (14.8) | 59.8 (15.4) | < 0.001 |
18-44, n (%) | 945 (19.9) | 83 (5.6) | 54 (18.2) | |
45-64 | 1586 (33.4) | 431 (29.3) | 124 (41.9) | |
65 and older | 2211 (46.6) | 957 (65.1) | 118 (39.9) | |
Female, n (%) | 2142 (46.0) | 614 (42.0) | 99 (33.8) | < 0.001 |
Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
White | 999 (21.5) | 407 (27.8) | 55 (18.8) | |
Black | 1073 (23.1) | 437 (29.9) | 77 (26.3) | |
Hispanic | 1366 (29.4) | 303 (20.7) | 93 (31.7) | |
Asian | 204 (4.4) | 81 (5.5) | 17 (5.8) | |
Other | 1011 (21.7) | 234 (16.0) | 51 (17.4) | |
Smoking History, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Never | 2196 (47.2) | 856 (58.5) | 178 (60.8) | |
Not Asked | 123 (2.6) | 127 (8.7) | 11 (3.8) | |
Passive | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Quit | 980 (21.1) | 274 (18.7) | 44 (15.0) | |
Yes | 218 (4.7) | 45 (3.1) | 15 (5.1) | |
Asthma, n (%) | 272 (5.9) | 46 (3.2) | 11 (3.8) | < 0.001 |
COPD, n (%) | 167 (3.6) | 69 (4.7) | 6 (2.0) | 0.042 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 1441 (31.2) | 535 (36.7) | 90 (30.7) | < 0.001 |
Obstructive Sleep Apnea, n (%) | 121 (2.6) | 11 (0.8) | 1 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 933 (20.2) | 368 (25.2) | 60 (20.5) | < 0.001 |
Chronic Kidney Disease, n (%) | 481 (10.4) | 190 (13.0) | 22 (7.5) | 0.003 |
HIV, n (%) | 94 (2.0) | 11 (0.8) | 3 (1.0) | 0.003 |
Cancer, n (%) | 417 (9.0) | 58 (4.0) | 11 (3.8) | < 0.001 |
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 248 (5.4) | 123 (8.4) | 22 (7.5) | < 0.001 |
Heart Failure, n (%) | 296 (6.4) | 117 (8.0) | 14 (4.8) | 0.043 |
Alcoholic/Non-alcoholic liver disease, n (%) | 111 (2.4) | 22 (1.5) | 3 (1.0) | 0.046 |
BMI, n (%) | 0.071 | |||
Underweight or Normal weight | 1826 (39.2) | 585 (40.0) | 92 (31.4) | |
Overweight | 1304 (28.0) | 408 (27.9) | 87 (29.7) | |
Obese | 1523 (32.7) | 469 (32.1) | 114 (38.9) | |
Temperature, (median, IQR) | 99.1 (98.5-99.9) | 98.8 (98.2-99.5) | 99.1 (98.6-100.1) | < 0.001 |
Heart Rate, (median, IQR) | 95.0 (86.4-105.0) | 96.5 (87.4-107.3) | 99.3 (89.6-110.4) | < 0.001 |
Respiratory Rate, (median, IQR) | 20.0 (19.1-23.5) | 19.8 (18.9-24.1) | 23.0 (19.7-29.8) | < 0.001 |
Systolic Blood Pressure, (median, IQR) | 137 (126-149) | 138 (126-149) | 137 (128-147) | 0.910 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure, (median, IQR) | 79.2 (74.0-85.0) | 77.9 (72.5-83.3) | 78.2 (74.0-83.6) | < 0.001 |
O2 Saturation, (median, IQR) | 93.3 (91.1-95.7) | 93.0 (90.0-95.3) | 91.8 (90.0-93.6) | < 0.001 |
Median Household Income, $ (median, IQR) | 54,121 (35859-85,930) | 64,067 (56383-71,437) | 65,098 (57010-71,437) | 0.101 |
Median Household size, (N of people) (median, IQR) | 2.4 (2.1-2.8) | 2.7 (2.3-3.0) | 2.6 (2.3-3.0) | 0.315 |
Median Percentage of Population with less than High School Education, (median, IQR) | 17.6 (10.0-25.7) | 14.0 (11.1-19.1) | 14.0 (11.8-19.1) | 0.234 |
Model 1: Unadjusted | Model 2: Adjusted for patient characteristics | Model 3: Adjusted for patient and neighborhood characteristics | |
---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
Teaching Hospital | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Community Hospital | 2.97 (2.66 – 3.31) | 2.50 (2.22 – 2.81) | 2.56 (2.25 – 2.92) |
Transferred | 0.85 (0.67 – 1.09) | 0.84 (0.65 – 1.08) | 0.83 (0.64 – 1.08) |
HR (95% CI) | P-Value | |
---|---|---|
Cox model without Intubation | ||
Location of Care | ||
Teaching hospitals | Reference | Reference |
Community hospitals | 2.47 (2.03 – 2.99) | < 0.001 |
Transfer | 0.80 (0.58 – 1.09) | 0.15 |
Cox model with Intubation | ||
Location of Care | ||
Teaching hospitals | Reference | Reference |
Community hospitals | 2.46 (2.03 – 2.99) | < 0.001 |
Transfer | 0.78 (0.57 – 1.07) | 0.12 |
Intubation | 1.31 (1.06 – 1.61) | 0.013 |
HR (95% CI) | P-Value | |
---|---|---|
Location of Care | ||
Teaching hospitals | Reference | Reference |
Community hospitals/ Transfer | 1.74 (1.45 – 2.08) | < 0.001 |