Introduction
Methods
Study design and data collection
Study population
Covariables and outcomes
Statistical methods
Ethical statement
Results
Cohort
Diagnosed between | p-value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January 2020 and June 2020 | July 2020 and January 2021 | February 2021 and May 2021 | |||||
n = 58 | % | n = 116 | % | n = 33 | % | ||
Age | |||||||
18–45 years | 4/58 | 6.9 | 8/116 | 6.9 | 3/33 | 9.1 | 0.751 |
46–55 years | 3/58 | 5.2 | 12/116 | 10.3 | 4/33 | 12.1 | |
56–65 years | 10/58 | 17.2 | 25/116 | 21.6 | 7/33 | 21.2 | |
66–75 years | 12/58 | 20.7 | 22/116 | 19.0 | 8/33 | 24.3 | |
76–85 years | 21/58 | 36.2 | 41/116 | 35.3 | 7/33 | 21.2 | |
> 85 years | 8/58 | 13.8 | 8/116 | 6.9 | 4/33 | 12.1 | |
Gender | |||||||
Female | 20/58 | 34.5 | 47/116 | 40.5 | 20/33 | 60.6 | 0.046 |
Male | 38/58 | 65.5 | 69/116 | 59.5 | 13/33 | 39.4 | |
Comorbidities | |||||||
Hypertension | 44/58 | 75.9 | 96/115 | 83.5 | 24/33 | 72.7 | 0.283 |
Chronic heart failure | 16/56 | 28.6 | 26/111 | 23.4 | 11/33 | 33.3 | 0.483 |
Coronary artery disease | 20/57 | 35.1 | 43/114 | 37.7 | 11/33 | 33.3 | 0.878 |
Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 19/56 | 33.9 | 54/111 | 48.7 | 15/32 | 46.9 | 0.185 |
COPD | 5/58 | 8.6 | 13/112 | 11.6 | 5/33 | 15.2 | 0.603 |
Active oncological disease | 2/58 | 3.5 | 4/105 | 3.8 | 1/33 | 3.0 | 1.000 |
Obesity | 13/52 | 25.0 | 25/67 | 37.3 | 6/21 | 28.6 | 0.341 |
Prior immunosuppressive medication | |||||||
Prior immunosuppressive medication | 7/56 | 12.5 | 18/107 | 16.8 | 9/30 | 30 | 0.121 |
Status at COVID-19 diagnosis | |||||||
Uncomplicated phase | 39/58 | 67.2 | 76/116 | 65.5 | 18/33 | 54.6 | 0.432 |
Complicated phase | 17/58 | 29.3 | 37/116 | 31.9 | 12/33 | 36.4 | |
Critical phase | 2/58 | 3.5 | 3/116 | 2.6 | 3/33 | 9.1 | |
Treatment in the course | |||||||
Steroids | 4/52 | 7.7 | 48/111 | 43.2 | 10/33 | 30.3 | < 0.001 |
Remdesivir | 1/51 | 2.0 | 9/107 | 8.4 | 1/33 | 3.0 | 0.239 |
Convalescent plasma | 1/41 | 2.4 | 7/109 | 6.4 | 1/23 | 4.4 | 0.785 |
Targeted therapy (antibodies) | NA | NA | 0/72 | 0.0 | 4/19 | 21.1 | < 0.001 |
Apheresis | 2/42 | 4.8 | 1/106 | 0.9 | 0/23 | 0.0 | 0.204 |
Chloroquin | 8/51 | 15.7 | 2/106 | 1.9 | 1/33 | 3.0 | 0.004 |
Azithromycin | 7/52 | 13.5 | 7/108 | 6.5 | 2/33 | 6.1 | 0.234 |
Therapy limitation | |||||||
Explicit deny of therapy | 5/24 | 20.8 | 26/109 | 23.9 | 5/21 | 23.8 | 0.718 |
Explicit wish for therapy | 1/24 | 4.2 | 2/109 | 1.9 | 1/21 | 4.8 | |
No discussion on therapy limitations | 18/24 | 75.0 | 81/109 | 74.3 | 15/21 | 71.4 | |
Course of disease | |||||||
Fatal outcome | 15/58 | 25.9 | 28/116 | 24.1 | 12/33 | 36.4 | 0.370 |
Advanced respiratory support | 11/54 | 20.4 | 14/115 | 12.2 | 4/33 | 12.1 | 0.345 |
Critical phase | 17/58 | 29.3 | 18/116 | 15.5 | 6/33 | 18.2 | 0.096 |
Thrombotic event | 2/44 | 4.6 | 3/114 | 2.6 | 2/23 | 8.0 | 0.317 |
Bleeding event | 0/39 | 0.0 | 4/113 | 3.5 | 0/25 | 0.0 | 0.760 |
Septic shock | 3/56 | 5.4 | 6/116 | 5.2 | 0/33 | 0.0 | 0.467 |
Congestive heart failure | 0/56 | 0.0 | 1/115 | 0.9 | 1/33 | 0.3 | 0.374 |
Patients’ characteristics, presentation at first SARS-CoV-2 detection and treatment strategies in different pandemic intervals
Estimating the effect of dialysis in CKD patients
Multivariable regression analysis on fatal outcome | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
aOR | 95% CI | p-value | ||
Age | ||||
18–45 years | Reference | |||
46–55 years | 3.01 | 0.95 | 9.60 | 0.062 |
56–65 years | 1.72 | 0.56 | 5.33 | 0.344 |
66–75 years | 3.08 | 1.04 | 9.13 | 0.043 |
76–85 years | 3.95 | 1.35 | 11.55 | 0.012 |
> 85 years | 7.34 | 2.45 | 21.99 | < 0.001 |
Gender | ||||
Female | 0.87 | 0.66 | 1.15 | 0.340 |
Male | Reference | |||
Comorbidities* | ||||
Hypertension | 0.98 | 0.67 | 1.37 | 0.897 |
Chronic heart failure | 1.67 | 1.25 | 2.23 | < 0.001 |
Coronary artery disease | 1.41 | 1.05 | 1.89 | 0.021 |
Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 0.97 | 0.73 | 1.28 | 0.810 |
COPD | 1.28 | 0.86 | 1.91 | 0.223 |
Active oncological disease | 1.73 | 1.07 | 2.80 | 0.027 |
Obesity | 1.03 | 0.69 | 1.53 | 0.895 |
Pre-existing dialysis | 1.08 | 0.75 | 1.54 | 0.692 |
Prior immunosuppressive medication* | ||||
Prior immunosuppressive medication | 0.98 | 0.65 | 1.48 | 0.918 |
Univariate regression analysis on fatal outcome | Multivariable regression analysis on fatal outcome | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-value | aOR | 95% CI | p-value | |||
Pre-existing dialysis | 1.15 | 0.66 | 2.01 | 0.617 | 1.34 | 0.70 | 2.59 | 0.375 |
Diagnosed between | ||||||||
January–June 2020 | Reference | |||||||
July 2020–January 2021 | 1.10 | 0.41 | 2.97 | 0.853 | 1.02 | 0.70 | 2.59 | 0.973 |
February–May 2021 | 1.53 | 0.26 | 9.20 | 0.620 | 1.46 | 0.33 | 3.16 | 0.708 |
Treatment in the course* | ||||||||
Steroids | 0.92 | 0.35 | 2.44 | 0.869 | 0.77 | 0.23 | 2.61 | 0.671 |
Remdesivir | 1.69 | 0.34 | 8.43 | 0.515 | 2.61 | 0.03 | 36.41 | 0.342 |
Convalescent plasma | 1.08 | 0.07 | 16.52 | 0.953 | 1.12 | 0.34 | 19.80 | 0.944 |